台儿庄城区饮用水水源地水质放射性水平分析

为了解和掌握台儿庄城区饮用水水源地放射性水平和动态变化,本文以枣庄市生态环境局台儿庄分局提供的饮用水水源地水质放射性数据为基础,探讨了台儿庄城区饮用水水源地水质中α、β放射性质量浓度的动态变化。结果显示:水源地总α、β放射性质量浓度均低于标准限值,总α放射性质量浓度小于总β放射性质量浓度,总α、β放射性水平在水源地和季节变化中差异均不显著(P>0.05)。水源地水质总放射性水平符合我国规定的饮用水指导值。     

祁连山北麓牧区植被生长季不同等级降水时空变化特征

以祁连山北麓肃南县牧区为研究区,选取周边7个气象站1961-2016年的日降水资料,采用气候倾向率、Hurst指数、Mann-Kendall检验和反距离加权插值等方法,对肃南县植被生长季降水的时空变化特征进行研究。结果表明:肃南县植被生长季降水量和降水强度距平百分率趋势显著增加,而降水日数增加趋势不显著;植被生长季降水量和降水强度在1998年发生显著突变,而降水日数无显著突变;植被生长季降水以小雨为主,中雨降水变异系数较大,但近年来趋于稳定上升状态;植被生长季降水日数和降水强度在空间上呈东南多西北少,小雨降水分布与其分布类似,而中雨强度呈南少北多的空间分布差异;小雨对肃南县植被生长季降水量贡献较大,但近年来中雨比小雨增加明显,降水时空分布呈不均衡发展趋势。     

三峡水库汛期“蓄清排浑”动态运用方式计算研究

在入库沙量大幅减少的背景下,三峡水库持续开展汛期中小洪水调度,增大了汛期库区泥沙淤积和防洪风险,减少了水库下泄大流量的机会。在三峡水库汛期,开展“蓄清排浑”泥沙调度方式动态运用研究有助于进一步优化三峡水库汛期调度方式。利用三峡水库干支流河道一维非恒定流数学模型,探索开展了三峡水库汛期 “蓄清排浑”动态运用方式计算研究,并提出了汛期“蓄清排浑”动态运用方案。计算结果表明:三峡水库汛期“蓄清排浑”动态运用方式可以同时兼顾排沙、发电和防洪,“蓄清”水位150 m要优于155 m,“蓄清”运行期间库水位可选择在145~150 m之间浮动运行;建议将寸滩含沙量达到2.0 kg/m³且当日寸滩站入库流量≥25 000 m³/s的时间作为水库增泄“排浑”的起始时间,将出库含沙量降至约0.1 kg/m³作为“排浑”调度结束重新进入“蓄清”调度的泥沙参考因素。研究成果可为三峡水库汛期优化调度提供参考。     

不同耕作措施及玉米生育期对黄壤坡耕地土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

为探讨耕作措施和玉米季对黄壤坡耕地土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以横坡垄作坡面为研究对象,顺坡垄作坡面为对照,研究野外自然降雨条件下玉米季黄壤坡耕地土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性的变化特征,以期为山地黄壤区土壤抗蚀性研究提供理论依据。结果表明:①不同耕作措施对玉米种植土壤团聚体组成和稳定性影响显著,横坡垄作坡面较顺坡垄作含有更多大粒级团聚体;以(10,0.25]mm水稳性团聚体(WSA_>0.25)、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、结构体破坏率(PAD)、水稳性团聚体分形维数(D)、团聚体稳定性系数(ASI)为指标进行分析,得出横坡垄作坡面土壤团聚体稳定性较顺坡垄作坡面好。②随玉米生育期的推进,土壤大粒级团聚体含量及团聚体稳定性均呈现出显著升高的趋势,且在成熟期达极大值,表明玉米生育期也显著影响土壤团聚体组成及稳定性。③相关性分析得出,团聚体稳定性与根系密度、根表面积、根体积呈极显著正相关关系,根系的发育对增强研究区土壤团聚体稳定性具有重要的贡献。适宜的耕作措施和合理的种植模式均有助于研究区水土流失的有效防控。     

金沙江下游梯级水库汛期分期及汛限水位合理性研究

汛期分期以及分期汛限水位的合理确定,能够较好地协调水库防洪效益与发电效益之间的矛盾,对充分发挥水库的防洪、发电能力,以及提高汛期洪水资源利用率具有重要意义。基于改进的模糊集分析方法并依据金沙江下游乌东德、白鹤滩、溪洛渡、向家坝4个梯级水库入库洪水对其汛期进行分期,通过隶属度与防洪库容的映射关系确定梯级水库分期汛限水位,提出利用跨期选样法对分期结果及汛限水位进行修正。研究结果表明:金沙江下游梯级水库前汛期为6月1日—7月14日,主汛期为7月15日—9月16日,后汛期为9月17日—10月24日,4个梯级水库合理汛限水位分别为962,800,575,374 m。通过不同典型洪水放大的洪水过程检验了分期汛限水位的合理性。研究得到的金沙江下游梯级分期结果及各库分期汛限水位,均能够在满足防洪安全的前提下提高水库发电等经济效益,在一定程度上提高了汛期洪水资源的利用率。     

1996年汛期黄河水情简析

１９９６年汛期,黄河流域平均降雨量比多年同期均值偏多３．６％,但干支流来水来沙量普遍偏少,属枯水沙年份。黄河上游主要水库蓄水量偏少。花园口站出现洪峰流量大于３０００ｍ＾３／ｓ的洪水共３次,其中最大洪峰流量为７６００ｍ＾３／ｓ。“９６．８”洪水虽然洪峰流量、含沙量并不大,但其洪水位之高,传播时间之长、漫滩之严重在许多河段均超过历史记录。渭河华县亦亦出现有水文记载以来的最高水位。     

Preliminary results on nitric oxide emission from a southern African savanna ecosystem

During October to December 1994, we measured diel and seasonal variability in nitric oxide (NO) exchange by a southern African savanna ecosystem (Grasslands Research Station, Marondera, Zimbabwe). A set of automated dynamic chambers was installed in three sub-sites: Miombo forest, natural grassland, and cropped soils (maize, sorghum, groundnut). The latter received a single application of commercialy available in-organic or cowdung fertilizer. The dynamic chamber system is described in detail, including correction of the resulting data for wall losses and gas-phase reactions of the NO-NO₂-O₃ triad. During the dry season, net vertical NO fluxes were close to the detection limit (0.44 ngN m^-2s^-1) regardless of vegetation type. During the transition from dry to wet season strong "pulsing" effects of the NO flux were observed: NO emissions increased by a factor of up to 60 within hours. During the wet season, NO emissions varied between the different sub-sites of the ecosystem; corresponding means are in ranking order of fertilized agricultural plots (27.2 ngN m^-2 s^-1), unfertilized agricultural plots (8.5 ngN m^-2 s^-1 ), grassland (4.4 ngN m^-2 s^-1 ), and Miombo forest (1.5 ngN m^-2 s^-1). Soil moisture was found to be the dominant factor controlling the NO fluxes. Whenever it was not limiting, the diel behaviour of NO emission followed the daily variation of soil temperature measured 1 cm below the surface.     

太滆运河水环境容量研究

水环境容量是区域污染物总量控制的基础和核心,可为流域水生态治理提供重要的科学依据。以往的相关研究多侧重于不同水文时期水环境容量的动态变化,而未将点、面源入河的季节性特征纳入考虑范畴。文章采用解析公式法,综合考虑点、面源污染特征确定点、面源协同影响的太滆运河水环境容量,并利用MIKE11 软件构建太滆运河汇水区水量、水质数学模型,模拟在最大允许排放量条件下典型断面的水质达标情况。研究表明：太滆运河水环境容量为COD 22 694.52 t/a、氨氮854.04 t/a、总磷195.58 t/a。典型断面均能实现水功能区划水质目标,该计算方法合理可行。     

长江中下游地区梅雨季节的室内热湿环境

经过调研得到长江中下游地区（以南京为例）梅雨季节住宅建筑室内热湿状况,并分析3种不同建筑能耗计算模型（整体建筑热湿空气流动耦合模型HAM,传递函数模型CTF,有效湿渗透深度模型EMPD）的准确性。数值模型基于Matlab-Simulink编写,使用调研数据进行验证,进而使用梅雨季节典型气象参数模拟分析。调研结果显示在2013年梅雨季节,多数时间内建筑室内温度高于28℃,相对湿度高于70%。数值模拟结果显示3种能耗模型对室内温度模拟的差异较小,而对室内湿度的模拟存在较大差异,特别是CTF模型误差最大。结果显示在长江中下游地区梅雨季节,当房间换气次数小于2 ACH时,围护结构对于室内环境湿缓冲的作用明显,选择合适的吸放湿材料可有效降低建筑能耗30%以上。     

A CLIMATE‐BASED INDEX OF HISTORIC SPAWNING‐STREAM HYDROLOGY

Reproductive success of stream‐spawning Oncorhynchus fishes (Pacific salmon, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout and their allies) may be greatly affected by stream discharge or its covariate, stream temperature, during the spawning season. Because such data for the physical environment may not have been routinely collected as part of previous investigations of these fishes, identification of simple but robust indices of historic, seasonal stream discharge and temperature, using long‐term climate data sets, would be important, especially to investigations of historic population dynamics. This study examined statistical associations among several climate variables and the spawning‐season (approximately June) discharges and temperatures of Clear Creek, a Yellowstone Lake tributary used by spawning Yellowstone cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri (YCT), from the lake. Correlation analysis showed that total water‐year degree‐days (calculated on the basis of mean daily air temperature > 0°C) at Lake Village, on the lake's north shore, was a robust index (both negative and positive, respectively) of consecutive, total semi‐month metrics of creek discharge and temperature during the YCT spawning season. This study (and subsequent use of the Lake Village degree days metric as an environmental variable in a dynamic, age‐structured model of the lacustrine–adfluvial YCT population of Clear Creek) showed how exploratory analyses of the fragmentary but long‐term and regionally unique data sets for Clear Creek discharge and temperature revealed a simple but robust index of climate variation important to understanding the historic dynamics of Clear Creek's YCT population, which is a key spawning stock of Yellowstone Lake. In addition, the extensive statistical associations among the climate variables, along with the temporal trends in two key variables, broadly showed how climate varied across the Yellowstone Lake region during the past several decades. Those observations have implications for the historic, seasonal hydrology of all Yellowstone Lake tributaries used by spawning YCT. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.