超级电容器在电动汽车上应用的研究进展

超级电容器具有优异的性能,已成为电动汽车用动力电源的一个理想选择。简要地介绍了超级电容器的工作原理、特点及分类,并评述了超级电容器作为电动汽车的唯一动力电源和辅助动力电源的应用情况及特点,最后展望了超级电容器在电动汽车上的应用前景。     

大功率超级电容器的发展与应用

简要介绍了超级电容器的原理、特点和发展状况;概述了目前大功率超级电容器在电动汽车、太阳能系统等领域的应用;并简要介绍了大功率超级电容器在军事领域、工业领域以及在城市公交车领域的应用与发展。     

磷酸镁多孔材料的制备及其在结构超级电容器的应用

以NaHCO₃为引气剂,利用化学发泡法制备磷酸镁多孔材料（MPCPM）,该材料孔径发达、强度较高。利用MPCPM和KOH复合形成结构载体/电解质双连续相系统,并与石墨烯电极组装成一种新型结构超级电容器。研究发现,MPCPM孔隙连通度是影响结构超级电容器电学性能的主要因素。内部连通孔隙结构有利于离子的运输,从而改善结构超级电容器的储能容量。使用循环伏安、交流阻抗、恒流充放电以及抗压强度测试等方法研究化学发泡剂NaHCO₃掺量及养护龄期对结构超级电容器电学性能和力学性能的影响。NaHCO₃掺量为2.5%时比电容最高可达62.2 F·g^-1,比不掺加NaHCO₃时提高了34.1%。并且当NaHCO₃掺量为2%其比电容为38.79 F·g^-1,同时抗压强度高达18.76 MPa,显示出良好的多功能性。     

Ni~(2+)复合MOF-5材料的制备工艺及其电化学性能研究

金属有机框架材料(Metal organic frameworks,MOFs)由于具有超高的比表面积和可调的孔结构,已成为超级电容器电极材料的研究热点。以硝酸锌(Zn(NO_3)_2·6H_2O)和对苯二甲酸(C_6H_4(COOH)_2,BDC)为原料,采用水热法制备了MOF-5材料,并将MOF-5与不同比例的Ni~(2+)复合制备了Ni-MOF-5复合材料。用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)对材料的表面形貌和结构进行了表征,采用Princeton和Arbin超级电容器测试系统对材料的电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明:复合不同比例的Ni~(2+)可获得不同形貌的Ni-MOF-5复合材料,当Ni~(2+)∶Zn~(2+)=0.50∶1.00(物质的量比)时,制得形貌均匀的微球富Ni颗粒,且其电化学性能优良,在电流密度为0.05 A/g的条件下,比容量达到400 F/g。     

PVA基碱性聚合物电解质Ni(OH)2/AC超级电容器的电化学性能

Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-sodium polyacrylate(PAAS)-KOH-H₂O alkaline polymer electrolyte film with high ionic conductivity was prepared by a solution-casting method.Polymer Ni(OH)₂/activated carbon(AC) hybrid supercapacitors with different electrode active material mass ratios(positive to negative) were fabricated using this alkaline polymer electrolyte,nickel hydroxide positive electrodes,and AC negative electrodes.Galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) methods were used to study the electrochemical performance of the capacitors,such as charge/discharge specific capacitance,rate charge/discharge ability,and charge/discharge cyclic stability.Experimental results showed that with the decreasing of active material mass ratio m(Ni(OH)₂)/m(AC),the charge/discharge specific capacitance increases,but the rate charge/discharge ability and the charge/discharge cyclic stability decrease.     

电池型电容器─超大容量离子电容器

超大容量离子电容器又称电池型电容器,是一种介于静电电容器与二次电池之间的一种新型储能器件。它具有比静电电容器大得多的能量密度,又有比二次电池大得多的功率密度。适宜于短时大电流放电的情况下工作,可作为电动车辆的启动、制动电源,是解决电动车辆发展的瓶颈。笔者综述了超大容量离子电容器的储能原理、应用以及国内外的研究现状。     

碳纳米管的特性及其高性能的复合材料

碳纳米管具有超强的力学性能、极高的纵横比和独特的导电特性,是制备复合材料的理想形式。评述了目前碳纳米管复合材料的制备及其应用研究的动态。用化学镀方法制备的镍基碳纳米管复合镀层比传统的复合镀层具有更高的耐磨性能,结构为非晶态。讨论了复合镀制备金属基碳纳米管复合镀层的优越性及应用。用原位聚合法合成了导电聚苯胺-碳纳米管的复合材料,可以作为电池和电化学超级电容器的电极材料。      

Nanostructured mixed transition metal oxides for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors: Facile synthetic strategy

Exceptionally simple and cost-effective solid-state method is reported for the synthesis of different mixed transition metal oxides (MTMOs) including FeCo₂O₄, MnCo₂O₄ and ZnCo₂O₄ with unique nanostructures. The morphological analysis show that MTMOs possess distinct nanostructures such as tetragonal, spherical nanoparticles and hexagonal nanosheets. Furthermore, these MTMOs showed excellent supercapacitive properties with specific capacitances of 660–1263 F/g at current density of 2 A/g. Asymmetric capacitor was fabricated with FeCo₂O₄ as positive and activated carbon as negative electrode which exhibits a specific capacitance of 88 F/g with energy density of 24 Wh/kg (1.1 mWh/cm³) and cycle life (93%) over 5000 cycles.     

纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线柔性电极的制备

目的以竹粉为原料制备纳米纤维素,并将其作为基底材料制备纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线复合电极,应用于柔性超级电容器。方法采用化学机械处理法,将竹粉通过化学处理以及研磨、超声等处理,制备成纳米纤维素悬浮液;分别将多壁碳纳米管和纳米银线超声分散于溶剂中;最后,通过层层自组装制备纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线复合电极,同时,作为对照组,制备纳米纤维素/碳纳米管复合电极。结果纳米纤维素纤丝的直径大约为30~100 nm,相互之间缠绕成网状结构,是很好的支撑材料,纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线复合电极具有很好的成膜性和电化学性能,在扫描速率为30 m V/s时,面积比电容达到77.95 m F/cm~2。结论以纳米纤维素为基底,通过层层自组装方法制备的纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线复合电极具有较好的电化学性能,可作为柔性超级电容器的电极。     

Hybrid supercapacitor based on MnO2 and columned FeOOH using Li2SO4 electrolyte solution

The nano-sized columned β-FeOOH was prepared by the hydrolysis process and its electrochemical capacitance performance was evaluated for the first time in Li₂SO₄ solution. A hybrid supercapacitor based on MnO₂ positive electrode and FeOOH negative electrode in Li₂SO₄ electrolyte solution was designed. The electrochemical tests demonstrated that the hybrid supercapacitor has a energy density of 12 Wh kg⁻¹ and a power density of 3700 W kg⁻¹ based on the total weight of the electrode active materials with a voltage range 0–1.85 V. This hybrid supercapacitor also exhibits a good cycling performance and keeps 85% of initial capacity over 2000 cycles.