炭化叶脉网络生长MOFs材料制备透明超级电容器

可穿戴和便携式电子设备迫切需要发展透明超级电容器等电化学储能器件。炭化树叶叶脉由连续的碳纤维网络构成,具有非常好的透明性,且兼具导电性好和质量轻的优点。本文以炭化菩提树叶叶脉网络为集流体,通过溶剂热法在其上原位生长了Ni/Co混合金属-有机框架材料（Ni/Co-MOF）。炭化叶脉的连续碳纤维网络有利于电子连续传输及电解液的输运;Ni/Co-MOF中混合金属中心有利于提供更多的电化学位点存储电荷。所制备的炭化叶脉网络@Ni/Co-MOF透明电极在1mA/cm²电流密度下表现出1.15F/cm²的高面积容量,经过1000次循环后,容量保持率为105.4%,仍具有良好的循环稳定性。以炭化叶脉网络@Ni/Co-MOF和炭化叶脉网络@活性炭组装成非对称透明超级电容器,在1.6V的大电势窗口、1mA/cm²的电流密度下,得到的面积容量为0.47F/cm²、面积能量密度为0.61W·h/cm²;并具有良好的循环稳定性,在循环300圈后,容量保持率为93.6%。炭化叶脉网络@MOF材料的方法将为制备透明功能器件如传感器、光电器件、太阳电池和锂离子电池等应用提供了新途径。     

高模量沥青及其混合料低温性能研究进展

高模量沥青混合料因其出众的抗车辙性能和抗疲劳性能成为构建重载交通长寿命路面的理想材料,但低温性能差成为制约其应用和发展的最重要因素。近年来,如何改善高模量沥青及其混合料低温性能成为了路面领域的研究热点。本文综述了在胶结料中添加热塑性弹性体、油基改性剂、纳米材料以及在混合料中添加纤维这4种主要技术路径,重点阐述了这4种技术路径的改性材料用量、改性工艺参数与改性效果之间的关联,并对其改性机理进行总结。最后展望了高模量沥青及其混合料在低温性能方面的未来研究重点和发展趋势,即旨在克服高模量沥青混合料应用范围的限制,进而推动高模量沥青混合料在重载长寿命路面中的应用。     

流体驱动旋转装备应用与数值模拟方法研究进展

流体驱动旋转装备在能量转换及能量回收等过程中应用广泛。近年来,流体驱动旋转装备新结构不断涌现,其应用也得到了拓展,逐步与海水淡化、制冷、混合、测速等过程结合。在此发展过程中,计算流体力学为流体驱动旋转装备的设计优化提供了新途径。本文综述了流体驱动旋转装备在能源工程、化学工程等领域的应用,总结了流体驱动旋转装备数值模拟方法研究进展,对比了主动旋转及被动旋转两种模拟方法,指出被动旋转模拟在流体驱动旋转装备研究中的意义,展望了流体驱动旋转技术在超重力装备中的应用前景。     

锂离子电池安全添加剂的研究进展

锂离子电池具有高能量密度和良好的循环性能,是目前最为理想的动力电源储能体系。然而,由于大容量和高功率锂离子电池技术尚未成熟,存在安全隐患,导致其商业化应用受到了很大程度的限制。锂离子电池的安全问题主要有机械力破坏、异常充电、气体积聚和热失控等,本文分析了上述危险因素产生的原因以及抑制的方法。在这些增强电池安全性的方法中,使用安全添加剂是最为经济有效的手段,但要在电解液中找到一种对电池具有高安全性能且不牺牲其他性能的实用添加剂并不容易,未来同时具备多功能的添加剂将会是对电池性能提升最有希望的研究方向。本文分析了成膜添加剂、阻燃添加剂和防过充添加剂的作用机理,并对相关领域的发展方向进行了展望。     

Computer generation of detailed reaction networks in hydrocracking of Fischer-Tropsch wax

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) wax is a mixture of linear hydrocarbons with carbon number from C7 to C70+.Converting FTS wax into high-quality diesel (no sulfur and nitrogen contents) by hydrocracking technology is attractive in economy and practicability.Kinetic study of the hydrocracking of FTS wax in elementary step level is very challenging because of the huge amounts of reactions and species involved.Generation of reaction networks for hydrocracking of FTS wax in which the chain length goes up to C70 is described on the basis of Boolean adjacency matrixes.Each of the species (including paraffins,olefins and carbenium ions) involved in the elementary steps is represented digitally by using a(N + 3) × N matrix,in which a group of standardized numbering rules are designed to guarantee the unique identity of the species.Subsequently,the elementary steps are expressed by computer-aided matrix transformations in terms of proposed reaction rules.Dynamic memory allocation is used in spe-cies storage and a characteristic vector with nine elements is designed to store the key information of a(N + 3) × N matrix,which obviously reduces computer memory consumption and improves computing efficiency.The detailed reaction networks of FTS wax hydrocracking can be generated smoothly and accu-rately by the current method.The work is the basis of advanced elementary-step-level kinetic modeling.     

银掺杂二氧化钛/活性炭复合材料的制备及其光催化性能研究

为提高二氧化钛/活性炭（AC）复合材料对可见光的利用率,基于溶胶-凝胶法制备了银掺杂的二氧化钛/活性炭复合光催化剂。利用一系列测试方法对光催化剂进行了表征,通过亚甲基蓝（MB）和Cr（Ⅵ）废水的降解效果研究了其光催化活性。结果表明,掺杂银的材料,吸附性能和可见光下的光催化性能均得到提升。在材料投加量为400 mg/L情况下,银-二氧化钛/AC复合光催化剂在30 min内对10 mg/L MB溶液的降解率达到98.55%,在60 min内对20 mg/L MB溶液、10 mg/L Cr（Ⅵ）溶液的降解率分别达到76.92%和53.90%;与未掺杂的材料相比,降解率分别提升了14%、47%、137%。这是由于Ag纳米颗粒可以有效地俘获价带电子,减少电子空穴的复合,从而提高了光催化效果。     

添加浮选镁砂颗粒和Al2O3细粉对方镁石-尖晶石砖性能的影响

以烧结镁砂、浮选镁砂、电熔镁铝尖晶石和煅烧Al₂O₃细粉为主要原料,以木质素磺酸钙为结合剂,经混练、成型、1 650℃烧成制备了方镁石-尖晶石砖,主要研究了以浮选镁砂颗粒替代普通烧结镁砂颗粒以及在此基础上外加不同量煅烧Al₂O₃细粉（质量分数分别为0、3%和5%）对方镁石-尖晶石砖性能的影响。结果表明：1)以浮选镁砂颗粒替代普通烧结镁砂颗粒制备的方镁石-尖晶石砖,显气孔率和常温耐压强度降低,体积密度、抗热震性、高温强度和高温韧性提高。2)在以浮选镁砂颗粒替代普通烧结镁砂颗粒制备的方镁石-尖晶石砖中,随着煅烧Al₂O₃细粉引入量的增多,显气孔率和常温耐压强度降低,体积密度、抗热震性、高温强度和高温韧性提高。     

全氧燃烧玻璃窑炉的寿命浅析

通过对国内外部分全氧燃烧玻璃窑炉的寿命统计,非正常停炉和常见故障等问题分析,找出影响窑炉寿命的因素,提出要以规范化、科学化、系统化的思维,通过新材料、新技术、新工艺的运用有效延长全氧燃烧玻璃窑炉的寿命,对目前全氧燃烧窑炉的建设、推广应用有积极的参考价值。     

Enhanced Mn2+ solidification and NH4+-N removal from electrolytic manganese metal residue via surfactants

Electrolytic manganese metal residue (EMMR) harmless treatment has always lacked a low-cost and quick processing technology. In this study, surfactants, namely tetradecyl trimethylammonium chloride (TTC), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium lignin sulfonate (SLS), and octadecyl trimethylammonium chloride (OTC), were used in the solidification of Mn²⁺ and removal of NH₄⁺-N from EMMR. The Mn²⁺ and NH₄⁺-N concentrations under different reaction conditions, Mn²⁺ solidification and NH₄⁺-N removal mechanisms, and leaching behavior were studied. The results revealed that the surfactants could enhance the Mn²⁺ solidification and NH₄⁺-N removal from EMMR, and the order of enhancement was as follows: TTC > SDBS > OTC > SLS. The NH₄⁺-N and Mn²⁺ concentrations were 12.3 and 0.05 mg·L^-1 with the use of 60.0 mg·kg^-1 TTC under optimum conditions (solid–liquid ratio of 1.5:1, EMMR to BRM mass ratio of 100:8, temperature of 20 ℃, and reaction duration of 12 h), which met the integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978-1996). Mn²⁺ was mainly solidified as Mn(OH)₂, MnOOH and MnSiO₃, and NH₄⁺-N in EMMR was mostly removed in the form of ammonia. The results of this study could provide a new idea for cost-effective EMMR harmless treatment.