Chemical reaction kinetics dataset of Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H system for evaluation of fission product chemistry under LWR severe accident conditions

In order to improve LWR source term under severe accident conditions, the first version of a fission product chemistry database named ‘ECUME’ was developed. The ECUME is intended to include several datasets of major chemical reactions and their effective kinetic constants for representative severe accident sequences. It is expected that the ECUME can serve as a fundamental basis from which fission product chemical models can be elaborated for use in the severe accident analysis codes. The implemented chemical reactions in the first version were those for representative gas species in Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H system from 300 to 3000 K. The chemical reaction kinetic constants were evaluated from either literature data or calculated values using ab-initio calculations. The sample chemical reaction calculation using the presently constructed dataset showed meaningful kinetics effects at 1000 K. Comparison of the chemical equilibrium compositions by using the dataset with those by chemical equilibrium calculations has shown rather good consistency for the representative Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H species. From these results, it was concluded that the present dataset should be useful to evaluate fission product chemistry in Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H system under LWR severe accident conditions, where kinetics effects should be considered.     

Combining molybdenum carbide with ceria overlayers to boost Mo/CeO2 catalyzed ammonia synthesis

The design of an efficient non-noble metal catalyst is of burgeoning interest for ammonia synthesis. Herein, we report a Mo₂C/CeO₂ catalyst that is superior in ammonia synthesis activity. In this catalyst, molybdenum carbide coexisted with the ceria overlayers which is from the ceria support as the strong metal–support interaction. There is a high proportion of low-valent Mo species, as well as high concentration of Ce³⁺ and surface oxygen species. The presence of Mo₂C and CeO₂ overlayers not only leads to enhancement of hydrogen and nitrogen adsorption, but also facilitates the desorption and exchange of adsorbed species with the gaseous reagents. Compared with the Mo/CeO₂ catalyst prepared without carbonization, the Mo₂C/CeO₂ catalyst is more than sevenfold higher in ammonia synthesis rate. This work not only presents an explicit example of designing Mo-based catalyst that is highly efficient for ammonia synthesis by tuning the adsorption and desorption properties of the reactant gases, but opens a perspective for other elements in ammonia synthesis.     

Molybdenum Dioxide in Carbon Nanoreactors as a Catalytic Nanosponge for the Efficient Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels

The principle of a “catalytic nanosponge” that combines the catalysis of organosulfur oxidation and sequestration of the products from reaction mixtures is demonstrated. Group VI metal oxide nanoparticles (CrO_x, MoO_x, WO_x) are embedded within hollow graphitized carbon nanofibers (GNFs), which act as nanoscale reaction vessels for oxidation reactions used in the decontamination of fuel. When immersed in a model liquid alkane fuel contaminated with organosulfur compounds (benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dimethyldibenzothiophene), it is found that MoO₂@GNF nanoreactors, comprising 30 nm molybdenum dioxide nanoparticles grown within the channel of GNFs, show superior abilities toward oxidative desulfurization (ODS), affording over 98% sulfur removal at only 5.9 mol% catalyst loading. The role of the carbon nanoreactor in MoO₂@GNF is to enhance the activity and stability of catalytic centers over at least 5 cycles. Surprisingly, the nanotube cavity can selectively absorb and remove the ODS products (sulfoxides and sulfones) from several model fuel systems. This effect is related to an adsorptive desulfurization (ADS) mechanism, which in combination with ODS within the same material, yields a “catalytic nanosponge” MoO₂@GNF. This innovative ODS and ADS synergistic functionality negates the need for a solvent extraction step in fuel desulfurization and produces ultralow sulfur fuel.     

钼蓝分光光度法联合测定铁矿石中磷和二氧化硅

以往铁矿石中磷和二氧化硅含量的测定需要分别采用钼蓝分光光度法。在使用磷钼蓝分光光度法时,常会因钒、砷等的干扰使得磷测定结果不准确,需要将样品再处理后才能测定。实验采用石墨垫底铁坩埚,碳酸钠和硼酸混合熔剂高温熔融铁矿石,使铁矿石样品分解彻底,再分别采用铋磷钼蓝和硅钼蓝分光光度法测定磷和二氧化硅含量,从而实现了采用钼蓝分光光度法联合测定铁矿石中磷和二氧化硅。干扰试验表明,在高温熔融时,石墨可将钒(V)还原为钒(III),使样品中钒不干扰磷的测定;显色液中加入15mg硫代硫酸钠溶液可将砷(V)还原为砷(III),继而消除砷对磷测定的干扰。磷的质量浓度在0~3μg/mL范围内遵守比尔定律,校准曲线的线性相关系数为0.9999,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.242×10⁴ L·mol^-1·cm^-1;二氧化硅的质量浓度在0~5μg/mL范围内遵守比尔定律,校准曲线的线性相关系数为0.9995,表观摩尔吸光系数为9.342×10³ L·mol^-1·cm^-1。方法中磷和二氧化硅的检出限分别为0.0026μg/mL和0.0081μg/mL。按照实验方法测定6个铁矿石标准样品中磷和二氧化硅,磷测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=8)小于5%,相对误差小于2%;二氧化硅测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=8)小于2%,相对误差小于1.5%。按照实验方法测定5个铁矿石样品中磷和二氧化硅,磷测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)小于7%,二氧化硅测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=8)小于1%;磷和二氧化硅的测定值均与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法的测定值相一致。     

Effect of Mo on corrosion behavior of Ni20Cr–xMo alloys in air with NaCl–KCl–CaCl2 vapor at 570°C

The effect of Mo on the corrosion behavior of Ni20Cr–xMo alloys in an oxidizing chlorine-containing atmosphere using air mixed with the salt-vapor mixture of NaCl–KCl–CaCl₂ at 570°C was investigated. The results revealed that the corrosion performance of the Ni20Cr alloys in the oxidizing chlorine atmosphere was improved by Mo addition of up to 3 wt%. The Mo-free alloy formed a potassium chromate during corrosion as a result of the reaction between the Cr₂O₃ scale and KCl vapor. The chromate formation increased the chlorine potential at the scale surface and induced the breakdown of the protective Cr₂O₃ scale, resulting in internal chromium chloride precipitates and a Cr-depleted zone. In contrast, the presence of Mo resulted in the formation of a NiO scale, which did not react with the salt vapors and, therefore, prevented the formation of chromates. The beneficial effect of Mo on the high-temperature chlorination of Ni–Cr alloys in salt-vapor-containing atmospheres was ascribed to the suppression of chlorine generation due to NiO scale formation.     

Amorphous-crystalline cobalt-molybdenum bimetallic phosphide heterostructured nanosheets as Janus electrocatalyst for efficient water splitting

Efficient and sustainable Janus catalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable for future hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Herein we report an active Janus electrocatalyst of amorphous-crystalline cobalt-molybdenum bimetallic phosphide heterostructured nanosheets on nickel foam (CoMoP/CoP/NF) for efficient electrolysis of alkaline water. As-reported CoMoP/CoP/NF consists of amorphous bimetal phosphide nanosheets doped with crystalline CoMoP/CoP heterostructured nanoparticles on NF. It can efficiently catalyze both HER (η = 127 mV@100 mA cm^?2) and OER (η = 308 mV@100 mA cm^?2) in alkaline electrolyte with long-term durability. Serving as anode and cathode of water electrolyzer, CoMoP/CoP/NF generates electrolytic current of 10, 50 and 100 mA cm^?2 at low voltage of 1.50, 1.59, and 1.67 V, respectively.     

Synergistic flame retardant effects of activated carbon and molybdenum oxide in poly(vinyl chloride)

The synergistic effects of activated carbon (AC) and molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) in improving the flame retardancy of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were investigated. The effects of AC, MoO₃ and their mixture with a mass ratio of 1:1 on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of PVC were studied using the limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter tests. It was found that the flame retardancy of the relatively cheaper AC was slightly weaker than that of MoO₃. In addition, the incorporation of AC and MoO₃ greatly reduced the total heat release and improved smoke suppressant property of PVC composites. When the total content of AC and MoO₃ was 10 phr, PVC/AC/MoO₃ had the lowest peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate values of 173.80 kW m^?2 and 0.1472 m² s^?1, which represented reductions of 47.3 and 59.9%, respectively, compared with those of PVC. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis and gel content tests were used to analyze the flame retardant mechanism of AC and MoO₃, with results showing that AC could promote early crosslinking in PVC. Char residue left after heating at 500 °C was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and the results showed that MoO₃ produced the most compact char, with the smallest and most organized carbonaceous microstructures. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Kinetics and mechanism of formation of MoO2 by solid state reaction between MoS2 and MoO3

ABSTRACT

The kinetics and mechanism of the solid state reaction between MoS₂ and MoO₃ to form MoO₂ under nitrogen atmosphere between 723 and 973?K were studied using bulk mixed samples, mixed compressed pellets and pure MoS₂ and MoO₃ pellets with one face in contact. The results show that for the bulk samples, the reaction reaches a maximum conversion of 67.3% at 923?K in 75?min, while for compressed samples conversion under similar conditions reaches 96.1% in 75 min, which reflects the effect of the physical conditions of both types of experiments on the reaction kinetics. The calculated activation energy values for both experimental conditions are consistent, with an average value of ?44.2?±?1.9?kJ, which is in the range of diffusion-controlled solid state reactions. For the samples with one face in contact, above 923?K the results appear to indicate that solid state molecular diffusion of both MoS₂ and MoO₃ in opposite directions in the newly formed MoO₂ crystal structure could take place, with estimated diffusion coefficients of MoS₂ in MoO₂ and MoO₃ in MoO₂ at 923?K of 1.08?×?10^?6 and 7.78?×?10^?6cm²?s^?1, and at 973?K of 10^?5 and 1.13?×?10^?5?cm²?s^?1, respectively.