Synthesis and performance evaluation of a new drag reducer based on acrylamide/12-allyloxydodecyl acid sodium

Hydraulic fracturing with slickwater is a field-proven stimulation technology used in tight reservoirs. Because of the high pumping rate associated with slickwater fracturing, drag reduction (DR) is critical in minimizing pressure drop and the success of oilfield operations. In this paper, a new type of drag reducer (SPR) was synthesized with acrylamide and 12-allyloxydodecyl acid sodium, and its drag reduction performance was evaluated. The results showed that the new drag reducer features low molecular weight, fast-dissolving rate and low interfacial tension. The algorithm of estimating the drag reduction rate of non-Newtonian fluid SPR was proposed and validated. Empirical or semianalytical models for estimating the friction ratio (σ) or friction factor (λ or f) were used to simulate the turbulence behavior of the SPR drag reducer under different Reynolds numbers (Re). The modified Virk's correlation could accurately model the turbulent behavior of the SPR drag reducer. A unified calculation formula was established in this study for different pipe diameters.     

The control of paracetamol particle size and surface morphology through crystallisation in a spray dryer

The parameters governing the crystallisation of paracetamol using various conventional techniques has been extensively studied, however the factors influencing the drug crystallisation using spray drying is not as well understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the crystallisation of an active pharmaceutical ingredient through evaporative crystallisation using a spray dryer to study the physicochemical properties of the drug and to use semi-empirical equations to gain insight into the morphology and particle size of the dried powder. Paracetamol solutions were spray dried at various inlet temperatures ranging from 60 °C to 120 °C and also from a series of inlet feed solvent compositions ranging from 50/50% v/v ethanol/water to 100% ethanol and solid-state characterisation was done. The size and morphology of the dried materials were altered with a change in spray drying parameters, with an increase in inlet temperature leading to an increase in particle Sauter mean diameter (from 3.0 to 4.4 µm) and a decrease in the particle size with an increase in ethanol concentration in the feed (from 4.6 to 4.4 µm) as a result of changes in particle density and atomised droplet size. The morphology of the dried particles consisted of agglomerates of individual crystallites bound together into larger semi-spherical agglomerates with a higher tendency for particles having crystalline ridges to form at higher ethanol concentrations of the feed.     

基于结构曳力的吸收塔内部气液流动模拟

湿法脱硫系统中的吸收塔为多尺度结构构成的复杂系统，其中介观结构对液滴和烟气在塔内流动有重要影响。而液滴和烟气的流动状况直接关系着脱硫系统的脱硫效率及运行阻力。本文基于吸收塔内部结构，建立基于介观结构的曳力模型，并将该模型耦合到多相流模型中，结合商业软件Fluent对吸收塔内部烟气和液滴流动状况进行模拟预测。在模拟结果中，通过对吸收塔二维、三维的压降、速度和液滴分布的模拟计算结果分析和对比，表明模拟结果准确预测了烟气和液滴在吸收塔内流动结构，充分说明了基于介观结构的曳力模型可以很好反映液滴和烟气之间的作用力。     

大尺度展向波形圆柱绕流流场结构的数值研究

针对大尺度展向波形圆柱绕流的减阻特性，通过大涡模拟（LES）研究波形振幅对圆柱体绕流流场结构的影响，获得波形圆柱体绕流气动性能曲线、尾迹时均流速分布和非定常涡量场分布，最后与直圆柱绕流的流场结构进行对比分析。结果表明，波形圆柱绕流的平均阻力系数小于直圆柱体绕流，流向涡的形成改变了圆柱近尾迹区的流场结构，因此，波形圆柱体尾迹涡系表现得更为紧凑，尾迹涡流得到拉伸与破裂。在亚临界雷诺数为3000时，最大阻力系数减少18.3%，最优振幅比为0.152；且波形圆柱体的升力波动大大减少，甚至得到抑制。由于波形表面会形成更稳定的三维自由剪切层，这样的自由剪切层在下游位置卷起漩涡，大大地改变了圆柱周围的流场结构。研究表明振幅比在确定波形圆柱后面的三维涡旋结构中起着至关重要的作用，并对升力波动和流动阻力的降低有着显著的影响。     

《电机与拖动基础》课程教学改革研究

针对《电机与拖动基础》课程特点和传统教学方法弊端,提出了一系列改革措施。通过引入计算机仿真加深学生对基本概念和基本原理的认知；应用对比教学法有利于学生掌握各知识点的共性和差异；采用问题教学法使学生带着问题去学习,提高学习的针对性；通过规范实验流程、增加设计性和综合性实验,培养学生基本实验设计能力,提高学生理论实践结合能力和创新能力；采用多种考核方式,客观反映学生学习效果,督促学生重视实验过程。     

拒水泳衣的制备及其减阻性能

应用纳米技术制备拒水泳衣,进行疏水性能、拒水级别、耐水洗、包裹物漂浮和运动员泳池测试,分析其减阻性能。结果表明,制备的拒水泳衣接触角为156.3°,拒水级别为5级,抗水洗等级为5级;与对照组和包覆普通泳衣相比,包覆拒水泳衣具有明显的减阻效果(p小于0.01);与对照组相比,穿着拒水泳衣的运动员测试成绩显著提高(p小于0.05)。应用纳米技术制备的拒水泳衣达到设计要求,具有明显的减阻效果,可显著提高游泳运动成绩。     

Water transport according to temperature and current in PEM water electrolyzer

Recently, various studies have been conducted on hydrogen energy as a means of replacing conventional fuels. Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are being studied as a means of producing hydrogen for renewable energy. The PEMWE can be operated over a wider range than other types of water electrolyzers and can be connected to a renewable energy source, such as solar or wind. However, further studies are required because the water accompanying the hydrogen in the cathode presents a problem regarding hydrogen purity and storage. The phenomenon of water transport which is occurred on the PEMWE is analyzed by electro-osmotic drag and diffusion in the membrane. Electro-osmotic drag coefficients which are calculated by mass flow rate of discharged water with hydrogen are compared to the results of previous studies. The results of Electro-osmotic drag coefficient are different from previous studies at each operating condition. This difference is considered to be caused by the capacity of PEMWE such as active area and the number of cell.     

Effect of Solute Elements and Cooling Rate on Strain in Brittle Temperature Range of Continuously Cast Strand

A micro-segregation model of solute elements in mushy zone withδ/γtransformation during solidification was established based on the regular hexagon transverse cross section of dendrite shape proposed by finite difference method under the non-equilibrium solidification condition.The model was used to calculate the non-equilibrium pseudo binary Fe-C phase diagram and the strain of steels induced by variation of temperature in brittle temperature range.On the basis of the phase diagram and the strain,the strain curve in brittle temperature range as a function of carbon content for continuously cast strand was introduced and obtained.Solute elements change the position of the strain curve.And cooling rate changes the position and the shape of the strain curve.The comprehensive formula of the strain as functions of solute elements and cooling rate in brittle temperature range has been obtained by nonlinear fitting program.     

Hydrodynamic drag constrains head enlargement for mouthbrooding in cichlids

Presumably as an adaptation for mouthbrooding, many cichlid fish species have evolved a prominent sexual dimorphism in the adult head. Since the head of fishes serves as a bow during locomotion, an evolutionary increase in head volume to brood more eggs can trade-off with the hydrodynamic efficiency of swimming. Here, the differences between males and females in three-dimensional shape and size of the external head surfaces and the effect thereof on drag force during locomotion was analysed for the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a maternal mouthbrooder. To do so, three-dimensional body surface reconstructions from laser scans and computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed. After scaling the scanned specimens to post-cranial body volume, in order to theoretically equalize propulsive power, the external volume of the head of females was 27% larger than that of males (head length + 14%; head width + 9%). These differences resulted in an approximate 15% increase in drag force. Yet, hydrodynamics imposed important constraints on the adaptation for mouthbrooding as a much more drastic drop in swimming efficiency seems avoided by mainly enlarging the head along the swimming direction.     

软岩与水相互作用研究综述

软岩是一类松散、破碎、软弱及风化膨胀性的强度较低的岩石,在水环境作用下软岩易产生大变形失稳破坏。大多数岩土工程事故都涉及到软岩与水的相互作用,研究软岩与水相互作用对于分析某些由软岩失稳引起的工程事故具有重要的理论和现实意义。针对软岩与水相互作用这一问题,从软岩与水相互作用的分类、软岩吸水特性的影响因素及其软岩吸水失稳机理等方面,对国内外具有代表性的研究成果进行了梳理。结果表明:软岩与水相互作用可分为力学作用、物理作用和化学作用。在各种影响软岩吸水特性的因素中,主要因素是黏土矿物的含量和种类、孔隙结构,其他影响因素有水压变化、软岩的干湿循环次数、软岩的块体尺度(尺度效应)和吸水时间等。软岩吸水失稳的根本原因是吸水后黏土矿物微观结构发生变化,而是否含蒙脱石等吸水性极强的黏土矿物并非直接原因;后者只是对软岩吸水过程起到促进作用。