某污水处理厂MBR膜系统改造与运行管理

某污水处理厂设计规模为10万t/d,采用AAO+MBR工艺,设计出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。由于运行时间较长,MBR运行系统存在产能下降、膜丝断丝脱落、污堵和清洗频次以及强度增加等问题,严重影响正常生产运行。针对MBR系统运行中存在的问题,文中提出具体改造建议,并总结运行经验,进一步优化MBR膜系统的运行维护管理,为其他污水厂MBR膜系统运行问题提供解决思路和维护管理经验。     

污水处理中膜生物反应器的应用研究

膜生物反应器（MBR）是通过膜强化生化反应的污水处理新技术,具有污染物去除效果好,污泥产率低的优点.本文主要对现有的MBR形式和特点进行了归纳,对其应用中存在的问题进行了分析并提出了改进措施,并通过具体试验对其应用情况予以说明.     

IMBR-A/O工艺处理表面活性剂废水的研究

试验采用膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺处理阴离子表面活性剂废水。通过考查水力停留时间、容积负荷对反应器处理直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)效果的影响,确定了最佳的水力停留时间为10.4h,容积负荷为0.058kg LAS/(m3.d),此时LAS的去除率达到最高,为99.5%。结果表明,LAS的去除主要是靠微生物的降解作用。     

PAC-自生动态膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究

向由孔径为56μm的普通工业滤布组成的膜生物反应器中投加不同量的粉末活性炭，对恒通量下的单周期运行情况进行了考察，并对被污染的动态膜表面和截面进行了扫描电镜观察。结果表明，较佳的PAC投量约为2g／L。在PAC投量为2g／L时，其运行周期（15d）为不投加PAC时（6d）的2．5倍，反应器中占优势的污泥平均粒径（100μm）也较不投加PAC时的（80μm）大。经扫描电镜分析可知，未投加PAC时膜孔隙间的凝胶层是造成膜污染的主要因素；投加2异／L的PAC时膜表面的滤饼层是造成膜污染的主要因素，其膜污染物易于清洗去除，经水力清洗和刷子刷洗后膜通量可基本恢复，再用0．5％的NaClO溶液浸泡12h后膜通量可完全恢复。     

Fate of hazardous aromatic substances in membrane bioreactors

In this work, the removal of hazardous aromatic compounds was investigated in two types of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), based on cross-flow and semi dead-end filtration systems. BTEX and PAH were efficiently eliminated from wastewater during treatment via a membrane bioreactor (90-99.9%) but non-biotic processes, i.e. volatilisation and sorption, contributed significantly. The semi dead-end MBR showed slightly better removal efficiencies than the cross-flow MBR. However, non-biotic processes were more significant in the first process and, finally, degradation rates were higher in the cross-flow MBR. Higher degradation rates were explained by a higher bio-availability of pollutants. Differences in shear stress imposed in cross-flow and semi dead-end filtration systems radically modify the sludge morphology. High shear stress (cross-flow filtration) generates dispersed bacteria and larger quantities of dissolved and colloidal matter. Sorption of hydrophobic compounds (PAHs) on suspended solid was less marked in disaggregated sludge. The results suggest new strategies for improving micro-pollutant degradation in MBRs.     

A／O—MBR处理低浓度生活污水的试验研究

针对传统活性污泥法处理低浓度生活污水难度大的问题，采用缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器（A／O—MBR）处理该类污水，并考察了其处理效果。结果表明，在污泥浓度为4000～6000mg／L、HRT为19．2h、好氧段溶解氧浓度为1．5～2．5mg／L、污泥回流比为200％～300％的条件下，A／O—MBR对COD和氨氮的去除效果良好，平均去除率分别为92．2％和95．9％。在无排泥的情况下，系统连续运行近100d，出水水质稳定。     

Removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators in conventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant

The aim of this study was to investigate variations in the occurrence and removal of enterovirus and norovirus genomes, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and the most commonly used faecal indicators in a Swedish wastewater pilot plant. Paired samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each treatment line: tertiary filtration, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASB). (Oo)cysts and indicators were enumerated using standard methods and viruses using RT-PCR. Giardia cysts and enteroviruses were constantly detected, mean numbers 10(3.11) cysts and 10(4.0) PCR units L(-1), respectively. Oocysts were found in 5/19 samples, mean number 5 L(-1). Noroviruses were found in 6/7 influent samples, with an average titre of 10(3.28)L(-1), during winter, but only in 2/15 in the rest of the year (mean 200 L(-1)). MBR treatment removed indicators more efficiently than did the other two lines, with 5log removal of E. coli. Human virus genome removal did not differ between the MBR and tertiary treatment line. Microorganism removal in UASB was significantly lower for all the organisms studied. E. coli, enterococci and Cl. perfringens removal was correlated (p<0.05) with enterovirus genome removal, with R-values around 0.4. However, values for removal of indicators were more strongly correlated to each other. Removal of viruses based on enumeration using RT-PCR probably underestimates infectious virion removal.     

白腐真菌膜生物反应器对活性染料废水的脱色效果

应用构建的合体式及分体式白腐真菌膜生物反应器，研究了在非灭菌环境下对活性艳红X-3B染料废水的脱色效果，并借助扫描电镜观察、分析了处理过程中生物膜的结构及其变化情况。结果表明，在非灭菌环境下，白腐真菌膜生物反应器能够有效降解活性艳红染料，2个反应器在起始阶段的脱色率上升迅速，对浓度为50mg／L的染料，处理时间为1d的脱色率可达65％左右，4d的脱色率〉80％，脱色率随染料废水浓度的增高和处理时间的延长而降低。与此同时，白腐真菌生物膜出现了生物量下降、菌丝聚缩成团等受损现象。为保证白腐真菌在初始时就占有优势，所接种的白腐真菌需在经灭菌的培养基中长至菌丝球形成，同时在启动前应对反应器进行清洗和消毒。进水负荷过高及杂菌的感染是造成白腐真菌生物膜结构改变及脱色效果下降的主要原因，因此在运行中适当控制染料废水的浓度或适时停加染料废水并补充培养液，对修复白腐真菌生物膜的结构及降解功能是十分必要的。     

Effect of biological and chemical oxidation on the removal of estrogenic compounds (NP and BPA) from wastewater: an integrated assessment procedure

A major source of the wide presence of EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Compounds) in water bodies is represented by direct/indirect discharge of sewage. Recent scientific literature reports data about their trace concentration in water, sediments and aquatic organisms, as well as removal efficiencies of different wastewater treatment schemes. Despite the availability of a huge amount of data, some doubts still persist due to the difficulty in evaluating synergistic effects of trace pollutants in complex matrices. In this paper, an integrated assessment procedure was used, based on chemical and biological analyses, in order to compare the performance of two full scale biological wastewater treatment plants (either equipped with conventional settling tanks or with an ultrafiltration membrane unit) and tertiary ozonation (pilot scale).Nonylphenol and bisphenol A were chosen as model EDCs, together with the parent compounds mono- and di-ethoxylated nonylphenol (quantified by means of GC-MS). Water estrogenic activity was evaluated by applying the human breast cancer MCF-7 based reporter gene assay. Process parameters (e.g., sludge age, temperature) and conventional pollutants (e.g., COD, suspended solids) were also measured during monitoring campaigns.Conventional activated sludge achieved satisfactory removal of both analytes and estrogenicity. A further reduction of biological activity was exerted by MBR (Membrane Biological Reactor) as well as ozonation; the latter contributed also to decrease EDC concentrations.     

Membrane performance enhancer evaluations on pilot- and full-scale membrane bioreactors

Recently developed polymeric membrane performance enhancer product, MPE50, was tested in various pilot‐ and full‐scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The Initial MPE50 dosage was determined by visual jar tests and by using various bench‐top filtration tests. Different amounts of MPE50 were dosed, and the particle size and supernatant clarity of the mixed liquor were monitored visually. Bench‐top filtration tests were also conducted. A 50% higher MPE50 dosage is recommended to be added to the pilot/full‐scale bioreactors because, based on experience, some of the soluble microbial products in the mixed liquor do not completely react with polymer during the relatively short bench‐test mixing time interval. With the addition of 400 mg/L MPE50 to a pilot MBR, the design flow was increased twofold without any significant transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase for 1 day. The control TMP surged within a few hours without MPE50. Long‐term field trials in a full‐scale plant also showed a substantial flux increase. In addition to flux enhancement, MPE50 helped to remove foam from the bioreactors and improved plant aesthetics, safety and general operating performance.