Simulation of thermal barrier coating spallation induced by the initiation/growth/coalescence of internal crack and interfacial crack based on a real image model

In the furnace cycle test, the growth of oxide film leads to the propagation and coalescence of multiple cracks near the interface, which should be responsible for the spallation of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). A TBC model with real interface morphology is created, and the near-interface large pore is retained. The purpose of this work is to clarify the mechanism of TBC spallation caused by successive initiation, propagation, and linkage of cracks near the interface during thermal cycle. The dynamic growth of thermally grown oxide (TGO) is carried out by applying a stress-free strain. The crack nucleation and arbitrary path propagation in YSZ and TGO are simulated by the extended finite element method (XFEM). The debonding along the YSZ/TGO/BC interface is evaluated using a surface-based cohesive behavior. The large-scale pore in YSZ near the interface can initiate a new crack. The ceramic crack can propagate to the YSZ/TGO interface, which will accelerate the interfacial damage and debonding. For the TGO/BC interface, the normal compressive stress and small shear stress at the valley hinder the further crack propagation. The growth of YSZ crack and the formation of through-TGO crack are the main causes of TBC delamination. The accelerated BC oxidation increases the lateral growth strain of TGO, which will promote crack propagation and coalescence. The optimization design proposed in this work can provide another option for developing TBC with high durability.     

Study of the high temperature oxidation performance of Thermal Barrier Coatings with HVOF sprayed bond coat and incorporating a PVD ceramic interlayer

The performance of an intermediate Cr₃C₂ ceramic layer applied by PVD between the bond coat and the ceramic top coat in a TBC system was evaluated. The thickness of the transitional layer was kept around 1–2 μm. Two substrate materials and two distinct bond coats were combined in the tests. High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) and Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) were used respectively for bond coat and top coat deposition. Isothermal oxidation tests were performed at 1000 °C in static air atmosphere. Thermal grown oxide (TGO) was measured and correlated to the exposition times. Results are discussed in terms of the TGO growth rate and changes in residual stresses. The results suggest an improvement in the oxidation resistance of the bond coat because of the presence of the intermediate layer.     

热障涂层TGO界面应力分布及裂纹扩展行为的研究进展

热障涂层以其优异的抗氧化? 隔热? 耐腐蚀性而广泛应用于热端部件表面.在超过1000℃高温的服役环境下,外界的氧元素通过陶瓷层扩散到粘接层界面,与其中的金属元素发生氧化反应生成一层热生长高温氧化物(TGO)? 随着服役时间的增加,TGO不断生长,TGO界面产生较大的热应力,导致裂纹的萌生与扩展,使得涂层大面积剥落,因此TGO氧化失效的研究既是难点也是热点问题.总结了研究TGO界面建立的主要几种模型,例如同心圆界面模型? 曲线弦界面模型和真实界面模型,其中曲线几何结构通常只需要振幅和波长即可很好地描述界面,因此大多数模型建立采用了曲线模型.在此基础上,重点综述了界面形貌、界面粗糙度和TGO厚度对应力分布的影响,以及从应变能释放率和裂纹路径两个角度探讨了界面损伤行为.上述研究很好地阐明了TGO生长过程,但是仅考虑了形态特征对应力分布的影响,接下来的研究应考虑真实TGO界面并完善模拟的准确性,同时发展有限元技术实现在实际条件下裂纹扩展路径和使用寿命的预测.     

真实TGO界面形貌对热障涂层界面应力的影响

采用MSC.MARC有限元分析软件,以真实服役的某重型燃气轮机透平第一级动叶片表面热障涂层为研究对象,研究真实TGO界面形貌对热障涂层界面应力的影响。结果表明:在TC/TGO界面的TC层中,法向应力σ₂₂分布中的拉应力位于波谷区域,压应力位于波峰区域,而在BC/TGO界面的BC层中,σ₂₂应力分布与TC层相反;TC层与BC层的剪切应力σ₁₂分布规律相同,均是波谷左侧的应力方向为负,波谷右侧的应力方向为正。TGO界面的波峰和波谷处的法向应力σ₂₂值随TGO厚度的增大而增加;当TGO厚度不变时,BC/TGO界面振幅增大,TGO内和BC内的法向应力σ₂₂值也随之增大。     

独立坐标系在输电线路中的应用

详细介绍了运用TGO软件建立独立坐标系的过程,并结合工作实践阐述了独立坐标系在输电线路中的实用性和可靠性。     

应用TGO实现坐标投影高程面的转换计算方法研究

本文提出了一种基于TGO实现坐标投影高程面的转换计算方法.以CGCS2000为例,介绍了本文方法的具体计算流程,对某工程控制网的数据资料进行实验测试,结果表明本文方法的计算结果与CosaGPS处理结果是一致的,从而验证了本方法是行之有效的.     

EB-PVD热障涂层的结构演变与表面拉曼光谱特性

热障涂层被广泛应用于航空发动机和燃气轮机等高温部件,其破坏机理和无损检测手段是研究中急需解决的问题。采用EB-PVD方法制备了陶瓷层厚度分别为180、120和90μm的3组热障涂层试样,经1 000℃高温氧化0、1、10、50和100h后,用HR800激光显微拉曼光谱仪测得试样表面的拉曼光谱特性,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观测了试样内部裂纹及氧化层(TGO)厚度的演变。研究表明,EB-PVD热障涂层裂纹主要发生在陶瓷层内部及陶瓷层与粘结层的界面处,粘结层和基体界面处产生裂纹的概率相对较小;同等条件下,增大陶瓷层的喷涂厚度,可以减缓氧化层的生长速度,但是会增大陶瓷层表面应力;热障涂层表面残余应力会随着热氧化时间的增加而增大,当表面残余应力减小时表明陶瓷层中有明显的裂纹或脱落产生。     

多层结构热障涂层抗热震性能的研究

本文采用电子束物理气相沉积技术(EB-PVD)在镍基单晶合金N5基体上制备了双层热障涂层(粘结层+陶瓷层)和三层热障涂层(粘结层+混合层+陶瓷层),并对两组涂层体系的热循环性能进行1100℃保温5min 水冷的热震实验,对其微观组织结构采用扫描电镜、能谱仪以及X射线衍射进行了分析。研究发现,在粘结层和陶瓷层之间添加的混合层(NiCrAlY+YSZ)能够延缓TGO层的生长,并具有缓解内应力的作用,两者的共同作用使得三层结构的热障涂层表现出更为优异的热匹配性。     

利用TGO进行灾区GPS控制网平差的一种有效方法

利用TGO软件进行GPS网基于参心坐标系的二维约束平差时,如果起算点距离测区较远,则常规的平差设置方法不能获得良好的结果,笔者通过大量的实践摸索发现,此时若同时固定任一网点的高度值,平差结果精度则显著提高,本文通过一具体算例介绍了该方法并探讨了其特点和可靠性。     

TGO软件在多种测量成果需求中的应用

在某些测量工作中可能会需要同时提供多种类型或不同坐标系下的成果,如CGCS2000,1980西安坐标系,1954年北京坐标系或独立坐标系下的成果。文章结合实际应用从实用、高效的角度出发给出了具体的应用TGO软件方案。