Investigation of high-temperature chemical interaction of calcium silicate insulation and cesium hydroxide

ABSTRACT

The interaction of cesium hydroxide and a calcium silicate insulation material was experimentally investigated at high-temperature conditions to evaluate the possibility of unprecedented cesium retention under severe accident of boiling water reactor. The temperature where the interactions occurred and chemical species of cesium after the interaction were examined in this study. A thermogravimetry equipped with differential thermal analysis was used to analyze thermal events in the samples of mixed calcium silicate and cesium hydroxide under oxidizing and reducing atmospheric conditions with a maximum temperature of 1100°C. Before being mixed with cesium hydroxide, a part of calcium silicate was pretreated at high temperature to evaluate the effect of possible structural changes of this material due to a preceding thermal history and also for the sake of thermodynamic evaluation. It was found that for the original material, as xonotlite (Ca₆Si₆O₁₇(OH)₂) crystal, the endothermic reaction with cesium hydroxide occurred over the temperature range 575–730°C; meanwhile, for heat-treated material, which varied the crystal phase of original material to wollastonite (CaSiO₃), the interaction occurred over the temperature range 700–1100°C. The X-ray diffraction analyses have indicated that both types of calcium silicates regardless of the atmospheric conditions, cesium aluminum silicate, CsAlSiO₄, was formed with aluminum in the samples as an impurity or adduct. The insolubility of this formed cesium suggested the potency of cesium localization in the primary containment vessels on other structural materials that possess similar elements to that of calcium silicate insulation; hence, an effective decommissioning process could be developed.     

硅灰石和透辉石表面化学特性及浮选分离研究

硅灰石和透辉石的浮选分离一直是较难解决的实际问题，它们虽表面浮选化学性质相近，但透辉石表面比硅灰石表面具有更高的化学活性和稳定性，因此硅灰石比透辉石易于被抑制。试验研究表明，采用复合抑制剂ＦＤ１、活化剂硫酸铜和捕收剂油酸钠，能有效地从硅灰石中分离出透辉石。理论研究表明，油酸钠在ＣｕＳＯ４活化的透辉石和硅灰石表面均为化学吸咐，ＦＤ１对硅灰石的选择性抑制作用是实现这两种矿物有效分离的关键。该方法已在冯家山硅灰石矿分离中得到应用。     

硅灰石的化学镀镍及其导电性能

采用化学镀方法制备镀镍针状硅灰石粉,以SEM表征镀镍粉的形貌,XRD表征其结构,柱塞式装置评价其导电性。结果表明:当盐酸溶液pH值大于1.5时与硅灰石反应8min,酸性溶液对硅灰石表面的侵蚀不明显。化学镀镍过程中,硅灰石分别经pH值为3.0的敏化液和活化液处理3min和5min,镀镍硅灰石保持原有的针状结构,表层包覆镍磷合金,具有良好的导电性。     

硅灰石在烧结焊剂中的应用研究

通过研究硅灰石的矿物组成和物理性能以及化学组成等 ,对照烧结焊剂熔渣的化学组成进行了硅灰石在烧结焊剂中应用的试验。试验结果显示 ,硅灰石具有改善烧结焊剂的焊接工艺性能和熔敷金属力学性能的作用。     

超细高长径比硅灰石制备技术研究

对制备超细高长径比硅灰石的研究从破碎阶段开始就注重对其针状晶体的保护 ,采用长腔颚式破碎 ,使破碎作用于硅灰石矿物上的力分别以挤压力和摩擦力为主 ,避免过粉碎 ,可有效地保护粗颗粒硅灰石的针状晶体结构。采用多种超细粉碎设备对硅灰石进行超细粉碎 ,结果表明 ,QLM Ⅳ型流化床式气流粉碎系统在磨腔工质压力为 0 . 7～ 0 . 8MPa,轴承防护气体压力为 0 . 2 0MPa、清洗气体工作压力为0 .15MPa、分级轮转速 2 0 0 0r/min的工艺条件下 ,粉碎产品平均粒度为 5 . 60 μm ,长径 /短径高达 16 .17。     

机械研磨制备硅灰石-SiO2复合颗粒及其表征

采用机械研磨法,通过白炭黑湿法研磨解聚和硅灰石-白炭黑共混研磨手段制备硅灰石-无定形SiO2复合颗粒,对复合过程各因素进行了优化,对硅灰石-SiO2复合颗粒的结构进行了表征。结果表明,硅灰石-SiO2复合颗粒以硅灰石表面均匀包覆无定形SiO2为特征所形成,在球料比5∶1条件下,浆体质量分数15%、硅灰石与SiO2复合比例5∶5、复合研磨时间40 min为优化条件。     

Adsorption for removal of Cd(II) from effluents

The adsorption of Cd(II) onto wollastonite has been reported. Adsorption increased from 55.7 to 93.6% by decreasing the concentration of Cd(II) from 2.0 x 10^‐4M to 0.5 x 10^‐4M. The rearranged Lagergren equation has been used for dynamic modelling of the process. However, the value of rate constant at 30°C was found to be 3.17 x 10^‐2min^‐1. Equilibrium modelling was carried out using the Freundlich isotherm equation and constants have been calculated. Thermodynamic studies were carried out and values of standard free energy (?G°), enthalpy (?H°) and entropy (AS°) were calculated at various temperatures. Low temperatures favour the uptake of Cd(II) in the process.     

硅灰石的改性方法及应用

简要介绍了硅灰石的改性方法和应用领域,重点介绍了硅灰石改性后的表征方法。     

晶须对碳碳复合材料组织和力学性能的影响

添加硅灰石(CaO·SiO₂)晶须制备碳纤维预制体, 并在980 ℃下进行化学气相沉积, 高温石墨化处理后制备得到CaO·SiO₂晶须改性的C/C复合材料。利用SEM、金相显微偏光分析以及力学实验等方法研究了预制体结构对基体微观结构、物理性能和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明: 添加CaO·SiO₂晶须会诱导热解炭呈锥形生长, 同时在石墨化过程中会诱导热解炭的组织结构发生有序性转变, 与基体反应生成SiC二次纤维。添加CaO·SiO₂晶须使得复合材料的石墨化度由31.6%提升至41.1%, 导热和导电性能相比于未添加晶须时分别增加了71.7%和14.3%, 复合材料的弯曲强度相比于未添加晶须时提升了5%。     

哈密硅灰石在连铸结晶器保护渣中的应用与研究

采用新疆哈密地区矿产资源硅灰石、长石、萤石等配制了适合当地炼钢企业使用的连铸结晶器保护渣.讨论了CaO、Al2O3、MgO、F及Na2O对连铸结晶器保护渣熔点、黏度的影响,并对所做的渣样进行了XRD及SEM表征.