Urinary mercury in people living near point sources of mercury emissions

As part of the European Mercury Emissions from Chlor Alkali Plants (EMECAP) project, we tested the hypothesis that contamination of ambient air with mercury around chlor alkali plants using mercury cells would increase the internal dose of mercury in people living close to the plants. Mercury in urine (U-Hg) was determined in 225 individuals living near a Swedish or an Italian chlor alkali plant, and in 256 age- and sex-matched individuals from two reference areas. Other factors possibly affecting mercury exposure were examined. Emissions and concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) around the plants were measured and modeled. No increase in U-Hg could be demonstrated in the populations living close to the plants. This was the case also when the comparison was restricted to subjects with no dental amalgam and low fish consumption. The emissions of mercury to air doubled the background level, but contributed only about 2 ng/m(3) to long-term averages in the residential areas. The median U-Hg levels in subjects with dental amalgam were 1.2 microg/g creatinine (micro/gC) in Italy and 0.6 microg/gC in Sweden. In individuals without dental amalgam, the medians were 0.9 microg/gC and 0.2 microg/gC, respectively. The number of amalgam fillings, as well as chewing, fish consumption, and female sex were associated with higher U-Hg. The difference between the countries is probably due to higher fish consumption in Italy, demethylated methyl mercury (MeHg) being partly excreted in urine. Post hoc power calculations showed that if the background mercury exposure is low it may be possible to demonstrate an increase in U-Hg of as little as about 10 ng/m(3) as a contribution to ambient mercury from a point source.     

LIDAR技术在江苏沿海滩涂测绘中的应用研究

利用LIDAR技术进行江苏沿海滩涂地区测绘是国内首次利用LIDAR进行沿海滩涂、海岛礁高精度、高分辨率测绘,该项目综合运用精确大地水准面成果、连续运行参考站卫星定位综合服务系统以及数字计算机处理技术制作DEM、DOM、DLG等产品.在分析江苏沿海滩涂特点的基础上,介绍了该项目的实施过程、特点及关键技术.     

利用激光雷达技术制作古建筑正射影像图

为了古建筑的数字化保护和修缮设计,利用激光雷达的方法制作古建筑正射影像图. 讨论了基本原理,论述了数据采集、三维三角网模型构建和正射影像图制作的过程和注意事项,最后制作了古建筑外立面的正射影像图.     

Extraction and Regularization of Various Building Boundaries with Complex Shapes Utilizing Distribution Characteristics of Airborne LIDAR Points

This study presents an approach for extracting boundaries of various buildings, which have concave boundaries, inner yards, non‐right‐angled corners, and nonlinear edges. The approach comprises four steps: building point segmentation, boundary tracing, boundary grouping, and regularization. In the second and third steps, conventional algorithms are improved for more accurate boundary extraction, and in the final step, a new algorithm is presented to extract nonlinear edges. The unique characteristics of airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data are considered in some steps. The performance and practicality of the presented algorithm were evaluated for buildings of various shapes, and the average omission and commission error of building polygon areas were 0.038 and 0.033, respectively     

激光雷达直升机巡线技术的现状与应用前景

在我国的直升机巡线试验中, 多采用红外线摄影仪、数码摄像机、高分辨望远镜、可见光录像机等设备作为观测工具。但无论是多光谱还是热红外技术, 空间定位的量测精度均不高, 而且获得的多源数据大多分开处理。激光雷达系统可以克服这些缺点, 它是利用激光脉冲来获得被检测对象的相关信息, 同时它还集成了数字量测相机, 可以生成数字正射影象, 满足测图量测的要求。机载激光扫描数据包括2 方面的信息:一是激光扫描仪与地面各点的距离; 二是回波强度, 即地物反射率信号。利用这2 种信号可以区分植被、建筑物、电力线和杆塔等不同的地物。激光雷达系统在国外电网维护中已经得到了广泛的应用, 在国内电力线路设计中已有应用, 用于电网维护尚处于探索阶段。     

Identification of gaps in mangrove forests with airborne LIDAR

Mangrove forests change frequently due to disturbances from tropical storms, frost, lightning, and insects. It has been suggested that the death and regeneration of trees in small gaps due to lightning may play a critical role in mangrove forest turnover; however, the large-scale quantification of spatial pattern and areas of gaps is lacking for investigating this issue. Airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology provides an effective way for identifying gaps by remotely obtaining direct measurements of ground and canopy elevations. A method based on an alternative sequential filter and black top-hat mathematical morphological transformation was developed to extract gap features. Comparison of identified gap polygons with raw LIDAR measurements and field surveys shows that the proposed method successfully extracted gap features in mangrove forests in Everglades National Park. There are 400–500 lightning gaps per square kilometer in mangrove forests at the study sites. The distribution of gap sizes follows an exponential form and the area of gaps with sizes larger than 100 m² account for 55–61% of the total area of gaps. The area of gaps in the mangrove forest in Everglades National Park is about 4–5% of the total forest area and the average gap formation rate is about 0.3% of the total forest area per year, indicating that lightning gaps play an important role in mangrove forest dynamics.     

瑞利激光雷达探测中层大气密度和温度

利用瑞利（Rayleigh）散射激光雷达探测中层大气密度和温度的原理和方法,能够探测30~90 km范围的中层大气密度和温度的垂直分布。根据这种方法和实际测量得到的数据,把反演得到的结果与标准大气模型CI-RA86观测结果进行了对比,凸显具有较好的一致性。在一般情况下,30~65 km高度范围内激光雷达获得的大气密度与CIRA86密度偏差≤5%;温度偏差〈3 k,而在75 km以上温度偏差较大。     

大气电场倒转与突发钠层及突发E层的相关性

突发钠层(Sporadic Sodium Layer, Na_S)是中高层大气金属层最为显著的一种现象,其发生机制目前尚无定论。突发E层(Sporadic E layer, E_S)是等离子体密度异常增大的薄层,被认为与Na_S密切相关。为进一步研究Na_S及E_S事件之间相关性及影响因素,利用中国科学院“子午工程”2010～2018年合肥科大站宽带钠荧光共振激光雷达观测结果,并结合武汉左岭镇站数字测高仪及九峰站大气电场仪数据,分析大气电场倒转(即北向电场)对Na_S以及E_S事件的影响。在统计的91例Na_S事件中,发生于大气电场倒转时的比例为20/91; 同时,在发生Na_S事件的事例中,E_S消失或中断的比例较大(14/20),表明E_S可能以提供钠源的形式转化为Na_S。此外,在分析武汉左岭镇站数字测高仪数据的同时进行概率统计,结果表明:当大气电场倒转时,E_S临界频率减小甚至消失的概率较大(187/242),少数情况下可能造成临界频率增大甚至激发E_S生成(55/242); E_S虚高消失比例为179/242,E_S不变比例为27/242,E_S上升比例为23/242。综上所述,大气北向电场在一定程度上对E_S事件的发生有抑制作用,并对E_S事件的发生高度有明显影响。最后,对一种与电场倒转相关的突发钠层机制也进行了讨论。     

人眼安全的生物气溶胶短程遥测系统

建立了满足激光辐照人眼安全要求的便携式生物气溶胶短程遥测系统,用于实现有人员活动区域生物战剂气溶胶的实时预警监测。以高频调制的405nm半导体激光器为激发光源,200mm口径的卡塞格林望远系统为信号光收集系统,搭建了基于伪随机调制的便携型生物气溶胶激光雷达短程遥测系统。该系统具备平行偏振散射、垂直偏振散射光探测,以及450nm和530nm两个波段荧光探测等四个同步探测通道。以枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母菌为样本对该激光雷达系统进行了初步测试。外场试验表明,该生物气溶胶遥测系统的空间分辨率为1.5m,荧光通道的探测距离为100m;3种被测生物气溶胶种类识别的回代误报率分别为9%、11.5%和14.5%,交叉误报率为11.3%。该遥测系统的激光能量低于激光辐照人眼安全标准的要求,基本实现了生物气溶胶的甄别。     

高重频光子计数激光雷达样机设计及测距试验

为了验证星载激光三维成像雷达技术,设计研制了一种基于高重频光子计数体制的分视场、无扫描的多通道激光雷达地面原理样机。系统采用两路高重频、微脉冲激光器输出,结合大光斑多元细分阵列光子探测方式实现多通道探测,并采取基于FPGA的时间相关符合计数信号处理技术,对单光子响应时刻进行时间间隔测量和时间相关统计,根据目标响应发生时机一致性和噪声响应的随机性提取目标距离信息。在外场试验中对水平距离大于10 km的楼宇目标进行了有效地测量,单通道的距离测量精度优于0.3 m,探测概率超过99%,并对比不同大气能见度下对测距的影响。该系统验证了星载激光雷达大光斑多元细分、光纤拼接焦面接收方案的可能性,并验证光子计数体制激光雷达测距精度及适应性。