汉江上游干支流沉积物细菌群落多样性和影响因素

为了解汉江上游干支流沉积物细菌多样性以及确定性过程和随机性过程在沉积物细菌群落构建过程中的相对重要性,基于Illumina高通量测序技术,分析了环境因子对细菌群落组成的影响,采用非度量多维尺度(NMDS)排序探究了季节之间沉积物细菌群落的差异,并结合中性群落模型和标准化随机率量化了确定性过程和随机过程对群落构建的影响。结果表明:汉江上游及其支流细菌群落主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等组成；细菌群落在不同季节有显著差异；地理距离和环境因子对细菌群落结构影响较小,确定性过程并未在细菌群落组成中起到主导作用；随机过程很大程度上影响了群落在秋季和春季的组成,是沉积物细菌群落构建的主导因素。     

菌酶协同改善花生粕的饲用品质

花生粕是重要的蛋白饲料原料，但由于其氨基酸不平衡，特别是精氨酸与赖氨酸比例严重失衡（精氨酸与赖氨酸含量比值在3~4，理想的精氨酸与赖氨酸含量比值为1.0），限制了其在动物养殖中的应用。研究了复合酶预处理结合乳酸菌发酵花生粕对其品质的改善。结果表明：经菌酶协同处理后，花生粕粗蛋白质含量由46.4%提高至506%，大分子蛋白明显降解为小分子蛋白，酸溶蛋白质含量由2.3%提高至17.8%，多肽含量由1.6%提高至15.7%，蛋氨酸和赖氨酸含量分别提高了77.1%和42.0%，精氨酸降解率为18.7%，精氨酸与赖氨酸含量比值从3.7降低至2.1，总酸含量由06%提高到4.7%，其中乳酸含量由0.64 mg/g提高至14.63 mg/g。菌酶协同处理后的花生粕抗氧化性明显增强，其中每克菌酶协同处理后的花生粕对羟自由基的清除能力与171.6 mg VC相当，比花生粕（与47.6 mg VC相当）提高了2.6倍。     

Hsp100 Molecular Chaperone ClpB and Its Role in Virulence of Bacterial Pathogens

This review focuses on the molecular chaperone ClpB that belongs to the Hsp100/Clp subfamily of the AAA+ ATPases and its biological function in selected bacterial pathogens, causing a variety of human infectious diseases, including zoonoses. It has been established that ClpB disaggregates and reactivates aggregated cellular proteins. It has been postulated that ClpB’s protein disaggregation activity supports the survival of pathogenic bacteria under host-induced stresses (e.g., high temperature and oxidative stress), which allows them to rapidly adapt to the human host and establish infection. Interestingly, ClpB may also perform other functions in pathogenic bacteria, which are required for their virulence. Since ClpB is not found in human cells, this chaperone emerges as an attractive target for novel antimicrobial therapies in combating bacterial infections.     

Recent advances in the microencapsulation of omega-3 oil and probiotic bacteria through complex coacervation: A review

BackgroundFunctional foods are a fastest growing sector of the food industry. The development of functional foods comprising omega-3 fatty acids and probiotic bacteria, through complex coacervation process is an emerging area of research and product development.Scope and approachWe reviewed relevant literature concerning the use of complex coacervation in microencapsulation, focusing primarily on the inclusion of probiotic bacteria and omega-3 oils into a single delivery format. This review covers advantages and disadvantages of the complex coacervation process to microencapsulate bioactive ingredients, viability of probiotic bacteria and oxidative stability of omega-3 oil during the complex coacervation process, the bioaccessibility of omega-3 oil and probiotic bacteria during simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in-vivo testings.Key findings and conclusionsThe review describes the advantages of co-encapsulation using complex coacervation followed by spray drying. It also describes the technological hurdles that need to be resolved for further development of industrial applications of co-encapsulation of probiotic bacteria and omega-3 lipids. The co-encapsulation concept has been widely used in pharmaceutical delivery systems, but is a relatively new concept in food ingredient stabilisation and delivery. There is a commercial need of co-encapsulation of multiple bioactive ingredients within a single microcapsules, due to decreased cost and enhanced product quality. Complex coacervation has been shown to be a useful method for the co-encapsulation of multiple unstable bioactive ingredients. Although in-vitro evaluation deliver useful bioavailability information, additional in-vivo and clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of bioactive release, particularly for microcapsules containing multiple bioactive ingredients.     

化香果提取物体外抑菌活性研究

研究了化香果提取物对水产常见9种致病菌嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）、温和气单胞菌（Aeromonas sobria）、豚鼠气单胞菌（Aeromonas caviae）、维氏气单胞菌（Aeromonas veronii）、迟钝爱德华菌（Edwardsiella tarda）、副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）、鼠疫耶尔森氏菌（Yersinia pestis）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）和金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）的抑菌活性。研究结果表明：化香果提取物对9种细菌均具有抑制作用，最小抑菌浓度为4.50 g/L。对每种细菌而言，抑菌效果随化香果提取物质量浓度的增加而增强，其中对大肠杆菌的抑制能力最强，IC₅₀值为0.035 g/L；金黄色葡萄球菌次之，IC₅₀值为0.053 g/L。对雌雄小鼠急性经口毒性试验结果表明化香果提取物对小鼠的急性经口半数致死量（LD₅₀值）分别为5 010和7 940 mg/kg体质量，表明化香果提取物属于实际无毒级。     

Solvent-Free Plasticity and Programmable Mechanical Behaviors of Engineered Proteins

Biopolymeric networks with plasticity show great competences in diverse fields owing to the combined biocompatible and mechanical characteristics. However, to realize such plasticity external complicated treatments, e.g., UV or organic solvent have to be applied, which in turn impair the biological nature and even mechanical properties of those systems. To address this challenge, one new type of anhydrous protein liquid crystalline (LC) gels, which exhibit flexible morphological plasticity and mechanical programmability is demonstrated. Supramolecular interactions in the smectic biogels play an important role for their high plasticity. Remarkably, the samples exhibit outstanding mechanical behaviors. The tensile strength and Young's modulus at MPa levels are comparable or even higher than chemically cross-linked hydrogels and LC elastomers. More importantly, mechanical programmability of the LC gels is achieved by genetically tuning the charge density of protein backbones. Consequently, the mechanical performance is manipulated in the range of one order of magnitude. Thus, this type of anhydrous protein LC gels offers great opportunities for load-bearing high-tech applications.     

Nano and Microtechnologies for the Study of Magnetotactic Bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) naturally synthesize magnetic nanoparticles that are wrapped in lipid membranes. These membrane‐bound particles, which are known as magnetosomes, are characterized by their narrow size distribution, high colloidal stability, and homogenous magnetic properties. These characteristics of magnetosomes confer them with significant value as materials for biomedical and industrial applications. MTB are also a model system to study key biological questions relating to formation of bacterial organelles, metal homeostasis, biomineralization, and magnetoaerotaxis. The similar size scale of nano and microfluidic systems to MTB and ease of coupling to local magnetic fields make them especially useful to study and analyze MTB. In this Review, a summary of nano‐ and microtechnologies that are developed for purposes such as MTB sorting, genetic engineering, and motility assays is provided. The use of existing platforms that can be adapted for large‐scale MTB processing including microfluidic bioreactors is also described. As this is a relatively new field, future synergistic research directions coupling MTB, and nano‐ and microfluidics are also suggested. It is hoped that this Review could start to bridge scientific communities and jump‐start new ideas in MTB research that can be made possible with nano‐ and microfluidic technologies.