Dynamic simulation of hydrogen-based off-grid zero energy buildings with hydrogen storage considering Fanger model thermal comfort

In this study, some locations with different climates, off-grid zero energy buildings with hydrogen energy storage systems are designed, and transient analysis is conducted. These considered buildings supply their electricity consumption without using the electrical grid and PV panels or wind turbines. Also, they supply thermal comfort to occupants by using a vapor compression chiller and humidifier. Domestic hot water of occupants is supplied using solar collectors. For analyzing building's performance and objectives achievement, TRNSYS software is used. Also, for evaluating occupant thermal comfort, the Fanger model is used. The considered building is a one-story building with a 150 m² area. Four occupants are considered. Both of them are seated at rest, and another is seated with light working such as typing. Using the Fanger model equation and MATLAB software, the thermal comfort of occupants is determined. For domestic hot water consumption, verified profiles that vary during 24 h of the day are considered. Achieved results show that for humid and cold cities, PV panels with an area of 73 and 76 m² can be supplied the required electricity of considered building with four occupants and battery state of charge is higher than 50% and 10%, respectively. Moreover, with a suitable air conditioner system, the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) can be lower than 12% and 8% for humid and cold cities. Therefore, the building can be converted to a zero-energy building using its rooftop area.     

某会议室夏季工况不同送风方式下的气流组织数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟软件对××大学科技馆某小型会议室进行数值模拟,以实际测量的数据为边界条件,建立合适的数学和物理模型,得到温度场、速度场以及空气品质场等模拟结果,通过对模拟结果的对比分析,得到了最佳的气流组织设计方案,相关结论可以为室内气流组织方案设计与优化提供参考依据。     

旗袍三围规格的优化设计研究

旗袍需要拥有合身的廓形,贴体程度要求高且强调人体曲线美感,而旗袍的松量设计直接影响其外观造型的优美程度及穿着舒适感。文章首先采用正交实验法针对相同款式旗袍设计了9种不同水平组合的三围松量设置方案,并制作成相同款式不同三围规格的旗袍样衣;然后利用心理学标尺,对9件旗袍样衣的静态造型和穿着舒适感分别进行主观评价,并利用直观分析法和方差分析法综合分析主观评价结果;最后对分析结果进行验证,最终找出外观造型优美程度高和穿着舒适感佳的三围松量水平组合,为旗袍三围规格的优化设计提供理论依据。     

Local body cooling to improve sleep quality and thermal comfort in a hot environment

The effects of local body cooling on thermal comfort and sleep quality in a hot environment were investigated in an experiment with 16 male subjects. Sleep quality was evaluated subjectively, using questionnaires completed in the morning, and objectively, by analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals that were continuously monitored during the sleeping period. Compared with no cooling, the largest improvement in thermal comfort and sleep quality was observed when the back and head (neck) were both cooled at a room temperature of 32°C. Back cooling alone also improved thermal comfort and sleep quality, although the effects were less than when cooling both back and head (neck). Mean sleep efficiency was improved from 84.6% in the no cooling condition to 95.3% and 92.8%, respectively, in these conditions, indicating good sleep quality. Head (neck) cooling alone slightly improved thermal comfort and subjective sleep quality and increased Stage N3 sleep, but did not otherwise improve sleep quality. The results show that local cooling applied to large body sections (back and head) could effectively maintain good sleep and improve thermal comfort in a hot environment.     

Using electroencephalogram to continuously discriminate feelings of personal thermal comfort between uncomfortably hot and comfortable environments

Thermal comfort is an important factor for the design of buildings. Although it has been well recognized that many physiological parameters are linked to the state of thermal comfort or discomfort of humans, how to use physiological signal to judge the state of thermal comfort has not been well studied. In this paper, the feasibility of continuously determining feelings of personal thermal comfort was discussed by using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in private space. In the study, 22 subjects were exposed to thermally comfortable and uncomfortably hot environments, and their EEG signals were recorded. Spectral power features of the EEG signals were extracted, and an ensemble learning method using linear discriminant analysis or support vector machine as a sub-classifier was used to build the discriminant model. The results show that an average discriminate accuracy of 87.9% can be obtained within a detection window of 60 seconds. This study indicates that it is feasible to distinguish whether a person feels comfortable or too hot in their private space by multi-channel EEG signals without interruption and suggests possibility for further applications in neuroergonomics.     

基于液压活塞式惯容器的车辆悬架性能研究

阐述了液压活塞式惯容器的基本结构、工作原理与承载力大的特点，建立了考虑摩擦力、寄生阻尼力和油液弹性效应的惯容器非线性力学模型。在数控液压伺服激振台上对液压活塞式惯容器进行了力学性能试验，基于试验结果，利用Matlab参数辨识工具箱对非线性力学模型中的参数进行辨识。在此基础上建立了包含液压活塞式惯容器非线性因素的车辆惯容器 弹簧 阻尼器（inerter-spring-damper，简称ISD）悬架动力学模型并进行了仿真分析。结果表明，当考虑液压活塞式惯容器非线性因素时，车辆ISD悬架系统的车身加速度均方根值增加5%，而轮胎动载荷与悬架动行程均方根值均有所减小,降低了车辆的行驶平顺性。     

主/次显示器视距设计对头部关节舒适度的影响

以视平线可与显示器中心重合为准,分别探讨显示器中心在视平线上方、下方时不同视距对头部关节舒适度的影响. 实验自变量为视距(眼睛与显示器中心的水平距离),因变量为头部关节舒适度. 实验结果显示:1)显示器中心在人视平线上方时,头部舒适性状态始终处于不舒适状态,此时视距与人的头部舒适性关系成正比,即视距越大,头部舒适性越好;2)显示器中心在人视平线下方时,头部关节舒适状态始终处于正常范围,舒适性程度随视距增大而减小.     

Design for comfort and social interaction in future vehicles: A study on the leg space between facing-seats configuration

With the advent of future vehicles, passengers expect to travel in comfort, and the free leg space between facing-seats could be an issue due to the unsuitability for all people, according to their anthropometric variability. A previous investigation survey showed the need to increase the leg-space between facing seats and, if installed, to improve the surface of the table placed in between. So, four different distances between seat-pans front edges of facing seats have been set-up and tested (44 cm, 51 cm, 58 cm, 65 cm) with a table in between. 13 couples of participants with different heights took part to experiments. The aim was to investigate the relationship between facing-seat distances and passenger wellbeing in terms of postural comfort and social interaction. Postural comfort has been analysed through optical tracking (for postural angles overtime) and questionnaires (perceived comfort). Social interaction feelings have been investigated with questionnaires. Experiment results showed the suitable distance could be 51 cm keeping the same table surface; otherwise, the 65 cm one could be ideal changing the table surface.Relevance to industryWith the advent of autonomous driving, vehicle manufacturers and designers are working hard to define new paradigms of public transportation in terms of seat layout, passenger wellbeing and interiors’ design. This paper contributes to increasing the general knowledge on the effects of distance between facing seats on postural comfort and social interaction.     

特种车辆舱室送风系统布局仿真优化

特种车辆由于其功能特殊性和封闭性，无法像民用车辆一样利用窗户的开闭来控制舱室通风，长时间驾驶特种车辆，驾驶舱面临空间小、冷源少、热负荷大、缺乏新鲜空气等问题，且外部环境条件复杂。这就要求特种车辆舱室送风系统精细设计，满足人员和多个装置的热舒适和热控需求，因此有必要基于特殊车辆的驾驶舱特点，合理布局并优化通风系统，保证整舱热要求。为了让座舱送风与舱内热源热交换尽量完全，带出更多的热量，首先针对某型特种车辆，建立了典型舱室和乘员的三维物理模型和仿真模型。针对10种送风模式进行了详细的气流组织仿真优化分析，获得了特种车辆舱室多物理场。气流组织优化是从风口形式和送风口位置两方面进行，风口形式优化中提出多种风口组合形式，分别进行仿真。以设备温控、人员热舒适和空气龄等为目标，利用评价函数对仿真结果进行评价，对10种类型的送风工况进行了仿真。从仿真结果中，以上述多优化目标为依据，进一步开展了针对初步优选的送风形式的风口位置优化。在风口形式优化结果的基础上，采用遗传算法，将位置参数设为优化参数，选取两个评估函数作为优化的目标函数，并将头足温差等约束条件设置到优化模型中，对仿真结果进行筛选和逆优化研究，最终得到最优风口位置，完成气流组织优化。研究对于全密封特种车辆的有限空间热舒适性和空气质量研究具有一定意义。     

新人体(火用)分析模型在建筑热舒适评价中的应用

为探究人体■分析法在评估室内热环境状态中的应用,严格根据新陈代谢■的定义,在已有的两种■分析模型基础上,首先提出了更合理的新陈代谢■计算方法,建立了新的两节点■分析模型.然后利用ASHRAE数据库中的实验数据验证了所建立模型的可靠性.最后,揭示了人体■交换速率、■损失速率随室内、外环境参数的变化规律.研究结果表明:新的新陈代谢■计算方法能更准确地进行人体■分析;■损失速率比■交换速率占新陈代谢■率的比例大;操作温度25℃时,■交换速率主要包含辐射■率和对流■率;操作温度32℃时,蒸发■率和呼吸■率则是■交换速率的主要组成部分;人体■损失速率在操作温度较低或较高条件下均出现极值,将其单独用于人体热舒适评价不妥,结合■损失速率和■交换速率两者可更好地评价室内热环境状态;最小■损失速率和最小■交换速率在给定室内条件下,均在室外高温低湿工况下出现;室外温度比室外相对湿度更强烈地影响人体■损失速率和人体■交换速率.