In situ efficiency of filters in residential central HVAC systems

High-efficiency filtration in residential forced-air heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems protects equipment and can reduce exposure to particulate matter. Laboratory tests provide a measure of the nominal efficiency, but they may not accurately reflect the in situ efficiency of the filters because of variations in system conditions and changes in filter performance over time. The primary focus of this paper is to evaluate the effective filtration efficiency, which is inclusive of any loading and system impacts, in 21 occupied residential homes through in-duct concentration measurements. We considered the role of filter media by testing both electret and non-electret media, as well as the role of loading by considering new and used filters. The results show that filters with higher nominal efficiency generally had higher effective filtration efficiency in the same home. In terms of performance change, there is no significant difference in efficiency between initial and 3-month non-electret filters, but the efficiency of electret filters generally decreased over time. However, both nominal efficiency and performance change were vastly overshadowed by the wide variety in loading and system conditions across homes, making it hard to predict filter efficiency in a given home without in situ measurements.     

管道清管器运行速度控制技术研究进展

随着对管道安全问题和降本增效理念的逐步重视，管道清管操作已成为全世界油气管道运行中必不可少的作业规程，清管器的运行速度是需要重点控制的参数之一，当其处于合理区间内时（原油管道1~5m/s，天然气管道2~7m/s），清管效果最佳。本文基于对管道清管数学模型的研究，首先论述了不同的被动控制方法，认为该方法较为灵活，应用广泛，对不同入口条件下清管器速度的准确计算是能否控制清管器速度处于合理区间的关键；然后对不同的主动控制方法进行了研究，研究表明：射流清管器速度控制的核心是旁通率的优选，其依赖于压降系数、皮碗与管壁间摩擦力的准确计算，建立简便可靠的摩擦力工程计算模型将有助于射流清管技术应用的进一步推广；最终本文对清管器智能调速技术进行综述和展望，指出发展稳定可靠的国产智能调速技术是未来重点研究方向。     

Efficient Low Dissipative High Order Schemes for Multiscale MHD Flows, II: Minimization of ∇·B Numerical Error

An adaptive numerical dissipation control in a class of high order filter methods for compressible MHD equations is systematically discussed. The filter schemes consist of a divergence-free preserving high order spatial base scheme with a filter approach which can be divergence-free preserving depending on the type of filter operator being used, the method of applying the filter step, and the type of flow problem to be considered. Some of these filter variants provide a natural and efficient way for the minimization of the divergence of the magnetic field (∇·B) numerical error in the sense that commonly used divergence cleaning is not required. Numerical experiments presented emphasize the performance of the ∇·B numerical error. Many levels of grid refinement and detailed comparison of the filter methods with several commonly used compressible MHD shock-capturing schemes will be illustratedA condensed version appears in the Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Scientific Computing, March 10-14, 2003, Hanoi, Vietnam. This is a revised version of a longer internal report, Feb. 19, 2004. The longer internal report was published as a RIACS Technical Report TR03.10, July 2003, NASA Ames Research Center     

内置旁路型软起动器的替代性

本文根据软起动器的发展趋势，就目前市场上应用的三种类型的软起动器进行分析，说明各自的优缺点，同时给出结论，内置旁路型淘汰其它类型的软起动器的必要性。     

基于电量时序特征的旁路代自动识别和代入算法

介绍了一种基于时序特征的电能量计量计费系统（TMR）的旁路代自动识别和代入算法。首先分析了现有TMR中的旁路代处理方式，指出这些处理方式的缺陷;然后通过分析TMR旁路代发生前后电量的时序特征，提出了一种基于电量时序特征的自动旁路代算法，此算法能在旁路代事件开始时即做出正确判断，并在适当的延时后开始完成旁路电量的自动代入。该算法在江苏省电力公司TMR中获得了很好的实验效果。     

远程用户体验评估综述:工具、方法和挑战

远程用户体验评估允许评估人员和用户在时间和(或)空间上分离,它具有经济、便捷、对用户打扰少,能在真实环境中对大量多样的用户进行研究等特点,被认为是解决传统用户体验评估问题的一个理想方案,并逐渐成为人机交互领域中一个热门的研究课题。首先介绍了远程用户体验评估的概念和分类;然后描述了远程评估的研究概况;接着提出了远程评估工具的系统架构,并依据系统架构,详细描述了数据采集、分析和呈现的各种方法;最后,总结了远程评估所面对的挑战以及未来的研究方向。     

M701F型联合循环机组的汽轮机旁路控制系统分析

通过分析M701F型燃气-蒸汽联合循环电厂的汽轮机旁路控制系统的功能、运行工况,给出适合联合循环机组汽轮机旁路系统的控制逻辑和动作行为,实现了在机组运行不同阶段进行自动控制的模式,并给出定值形成、参数整定、保护和闭锁逻辑的设计,使旁路控制系统能够实现机组运行和启、停机时的安全稳定,使运行人员更好地掌握机组运行中的旁路系统动态特性,并给事故分析提供重要的理论及实践依据。     

电厂烟气脱硫系统旁路挡板控制策略的探讨

烟气脱硫旁路挡板门作为FGD装置和锅炉主机组之间直接联系的关键设备,其控制方案的正确、适当与否,直接关系着锅炉主机组的可靠稳定运行和FGD装置的设备安全,同时对烟气脱硫的效率也有很大的影响。本文介绍了靖海电厂1#、2#机组600MW超临界机组烟气脱硫系统旁路挡板控制策略,并根据其在运行中的实际情况,进行了进一步的分析与探讨。     

基于重用信息的非易失性缓存动态旁路策略

非易失性存储器具有能耗低、可扩展性强和存储密度大等优势,可替代传统静态随机存取存储器作为片上缓存,但其写操作的能耗及延迟较高,在大规模应用前需优化写性能。提出一种基于缓存块重用信息的动态旁路策略,用于优化非易失性存储器的缓存性能。分析测试程序访问最后一级缓存（LLC）时的重用特征,根据缓存块的重用信息动态预测相应的写操作是否绕过非易失性缓存,利用预测表进行旁路操作完成LLC缺失时的填充,同时采用动态路径选择进行上级缓存写回操作,通过监控模块为旁路的缓存块选择合适的上级缓存,并将重用计数较高的缓存块填充其中以减少LLC写操作次数。实验结果表明,与未采用旁路策略的缓存设计相比,该策略使4核处理器中所有SPLASH-2程序的运行时间平均减少6.6%,缓存能耗平均降低22.5%,有效提高了整体缓存性能。     

旋转部件效率变化对大涵道比涡扇发动机性能的影响研究

大涵道比涡扇发动机一旦投入使用,其性能便不可避免的开始衰减,随着工作时数的增加,发动机的推力、耗油率等发动机性能参数与设计指标相比将发生明显退化.引起发动机性能衰减的因素非常复杂,其中发动机旋转部件的效率退化是主要原因之一,因此,研究旋转部件效率变化对大涵道比涡扇发动机性能的影响是非常必要的.