太阳能吸收式制冷系统动态特性分析

以上海地区某太阳能集热器驱动的单效溴化锂吸收式制冷系统为对象,对各主要部件负荷在典型日随时间变化的动态特性进行研究。结果表明:随着制冷能力的增加,发生器、冷凝器、吸收器及集热器面积需求量均增加;当制冷能力一定时,发生器与吸收器的负荷呈现先增加后减小的趋势,而集热器面积需求量的变化则与之相反。经济性分析可知结果表明,集热器费用为910、1040和1170$/m^2时,系统投资回收期分别为8.2、9.5及10.8 a,具有良好的社会效益和经济效益。     

聚乙烯醇/改性纳米蒙脱土复合材料的制备与性能

纳米蒙脱土(MMT)用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵进行改性制得有机改性的MMT(OMMT),用其作为聚乙烯醇(PVAL)的改性材料,采用溶液共混、流涎成膜制得PLA/OMMT复合材料,考察了OMMT的用量对PVAL复合材料性能的影响。用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)仪、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、万能力学试验机等对复合材料性能及结构进行表征和分析。结果表明,FTIR显示十六烷基三甲基溴化铵成功进入MMT结构中,OMMT成功制得;随着OMMT添加量的增加,复合材料热稳定性提高,断裂伸长率降低,拉伸强度呈现先增加后降低趋势,当其含量为9%时达到最大;SEM显示OMMT含量9%时,OMMT与PVAL相容性最好,表面光滑,含量再增加,出现团聚现象,力学性能受到影响。     

Effects of temperature,relative humidity,and protective netting on Tyrophagus putrescentiae (schrank) (sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) infestation,fungal growth,and product quality of cave-aged Cheddar cheese

Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of using food-grade ingredients on cave aged Cheddar cheese as either a surface coating or in nets to prevent infestation by Tyrophagus putrescentiae growth at different environmental conditions. Food grade coating formulations with 1) xanthan gum and propylene glycol (XG+PG) and 2) carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and PG (CG+PGA+PG) were made and infused into nets. Jars with cave aged Cheddar cheese cubes that were inoculated with 20 mites were stored in an environmental chamber for 14 d at temperature and relative humidity (RH) combinations of 10, 15, and 20 °C and 75 ± 2 and 85 ± 2% RH. When averaged over RH, mite counts were fewer on control cheese cubes at 10 °C when compared to 15 °C and 20 °C, regardless of whether nets were used or not. However, mites were able to reproduce on untreated cheese cubes at all temperatures. The CG+PGA+PG and XG+PG coatings and nets controlled mite reproduction, as evidenced by harboring less than the initial inoculation level of 20 mites. Sensory results indicated that CG+PGA+PG and XG+PG coated Cheddar cheese at 10 °C and 75% RH and netted Cheddar cheese at 10 or 15 °C and 75% RH did not differ (P > 0.05) from the control with respect to sensory attributes. The treatments at 15 °C and 85% RH and 20 °C caused the cheese to be softer and more bitter than control cheese. In conclusion, the CG+PGA+ 40% PG and XG+40% PG treatments of both coatings and nets inhibited the growth of mites, and the use of nets lessened the impact of food grade coatings on the sensory properties of the Cheddar cheese.     

Carbon nanotube–polyaniline composites

The last decade has seen a growing interest in hybrid electrically conducting nanocomposites. This article aims to provide a detailed overview of the present status of research in carbon nanotube–polyaniline (CNT/PANI) composites, from processing to structural and property evaluations. CNT/PANI are synthesized by electrochemical and chemical processing. When chemical methods are used, the main challenge is to obtain processable CNT/PANI in the emeraldine salt (ES) form composites. Stable dispersions of ES–CNT in organic media are prepared using the post doping method, inverse emulsion polymerization, or ex situ polymerizations. On the contrary, stable water dispersions of CNT/ES are prepared using hydrophilization of a preformed CNT/ES composite, direct synthesis of micelle–CNT hybrid templates, interfacial polymerization, covalent functionalization of CNT with a water soluble polymer, or using electrostatic interactions between two oppositely charged ES and CNT aqueous colloids. Moreover, the strategies for the synthesis of ternary CNT/PANI composites incorporating noble metal nanoparticles, metal oxide, or graphene sheets are also presented and analyzed in depth. Finally, we give a review of potential applications, including chemical sensors, capacitors, fuel cells and electronic devices.     

氯尼达明的合成工艺改进

以苯肼及2,4-二氯甲苯为起始原料,苯肼经乙酰化,然后与水合氯醛、盐酸羟胺及硫酸钠反应生成N-乙酰氨基肟基乙酰苯胺,再经Beckmann重排,缩环,水解生成1H-吲唑-3-羧酸;2,4-二氯甲苯与NBS,在AIBN的催化下生成2,4-二氯溴苄,然后与1H-吲唑-3-羧酸反应生成氯尼达明。通过单因素实验和正交实验考察了N-乙酰氨基肟基乙酰苯胺的合成工艺,确定了最佳工艺条件:物料配比n(N-乙酰苯肼)∶n(水合氯醛)∶n(硫酸钠)=1∶1.3∶8.5,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为13 min,在该条件下,产物收率达86.9%,氯尼达明的总收率为31.2%。产物结构经红外、核磁和质谱进行了表征确定。     

邻溴苯硼酸的合成研究

以邻溴苯胺为原料通过重氮化,碘代反应合成了邻溴碘苯,收率83%（HPLC纯度99.5%）;然后再与异丙基溴化镁反应生成邻溴苯基溴化镁,再与硼酸三甲酯进行亲核取代、水解生成邻溴苯硼酸,收率59.3%（HPLC纯度99.6%）。     

液氯中溴含量分析方法的研究

对比了液氯中溴含量的测定方法,详细介绍了电感耦合等离子体分光光度ICP-AES法测定液氯中的溴含量及效果。     

2-溴-4-甲基噻唑-5-甲酸乙酯的合成工艺研究

以2-氨基-4-甲基噻唑-5-甲酸乙酯(NSIZ)为原料、采用溴化铜为催化剂及溴代剂通过重氮化法合成了2-溴-4-甲基噻唑-5-甲酸乙酯(BSJZ)。确定了反应的优化条件为:反应温度0~5℃,反应时间40 min,物料比n(NSJZ)∶n(H3PO4)∶n(HNO3)∶n(Na NO2)∶n(Cu Br2)=1.0∶8.0∶8.0∶1.3∶2.5。优化条件下产品纯度为99.5%,收率达84.7%。     

阻燃剂Cyagard RF-1的制备及结构表征

Cyagard RF-1[化学名亚乙基双三(2-氰乙基)溴化磷]是目前应用广泛的耐热高温阻燃剂,对聚烯烃具有较好的阻燃作用。以绿色环保的四羟甲基硫酸磷(THPS)为原料,合成高纯度的三(2-腈乙基)膦,再与1,2-二溴乙烷在水中反应制取目标产物亚乙基双三(2-氰乙基)溴化磷(ETPB)。并用FTIR、NMR、TG-DTA等对产物结构进行了表征。     

Tailoring acidity of HZSM-5 nanoparticles for methyl bromide dehydrobromination by Al and Mg incorporation

Three kinds of HZSM-5 nanoparticles with different acidity were tailored by impregnating MgO or varying Si/Al ratios. Both the textural and acidic properties of the as-prepared nanoparticles were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR or Py-FTIR). It was found that the intensity of Lewis acid sites with weak strength was enhanced by impregnating MgO or reducing Al concentration, and such an enhancement could be explained by the formation of Mg(OH)⁺ or charge unbalance of the MgO framework on the surface of HZSM-5 support. The effect of HZSM-5 nanoparticles'' acidity on methyl bromide dehydrobromination as catalyst was evaluated. As the results, MgHZ-360 catalyst with the highest concentration of Lewis acid sites showed excellent stability, which maintained methyl bromide conversion of up 97% in a period of 400 h on stream. Coke characterization by BET measurements and TGA/DTA and GC/MS analysis revealed that polymethylated naphthalenes species were formed outside the channels of the catalyst with higher acid intensity and higher Brønsted acid concentration during the initial period of reaction, while graphitic carbon formed in the channels of catalyst with lower acid intensity and higher Lewis acid concentration during the stable stage.