烟气轮机叶片应力分析与寿命评估方法评述

烟气轮机是炼油厂催化裂化装置的关键设备,合理预测叶片疲劳寿命是保障烟机安全运行的有效手段。从力学建模和边界条件两个方面简要阐述了叶片的应力分析方法,并系统分析了影响烟机叶片疲劳寿命的主要因素,提出了利用改进的局部应力应变法进行叶片寿命预测的合理性和叶片疲劳寿命的评估方法。     

Network topology and the theory of rubber elasticity

The earliest investigations on rubber elasticity, commencing in the 19th century, were necessarily limited to phenomenological interpretations. The realisation that polymers consist of very long molecular chains. commencing c. 1930, gave impetus to the molecular theory of rubber elasticity (1932-). according to which the high deformability of an elastomer, and the elastic force generated by deformation, stem from the configurations accessible to long molecular chains. Theories of rubber elasticity put forward from 1934-1946 relied on the assumption that the junctions of the rubber network undergo displacements that are affine in macroscopic strain. The theory of James and Guth (1947) dispensed with this premise, and demonstrated instead that the mean positions of the junctions of a ‘phantom’ network consisting of Gaussian chains devoid of material properties are affine in the strain. The vital significance of the distinction between the actual distribution of chain vectors in a network and their distribution if the junctions would be fixed at their mean positions went unnoticed for nearly 30 years. Experimental investigations, commencing with the incisive work of Gee in 1946. revealed large departures from the relationship of stress to strain predicted by the theories cited. This discrepancy prompted extensive studies, theoretical and experimental, during succeeding years. Inquiry into the fundamentals of polymer networks, formed for example by interlinking very long polymer molecules, exposed the need to take account of network imperfections, typically consisting of chains attached at only one end to a network junction. Various means were advocated to make corrections for these imperfections. The cycle rank ζ of the network has been shown (1976) to be the fundamental measure of its connectivity, regardless of the junction functionality and pattern of imperfections. Often overlooked is the copious interpenetration of the chains comprising typical elastomeric networks. Theories that attempt to represent such networks on a lattice are incompatible with this universal feature. Moreover, the dense interpenetration of chains may limit the ability of junctions in real networks to accommodate the fluctuations envisaged in the theory of phantom networks. It was suggested in 1975 that departures from the form predicted for the elastic equation of state are due to constraints on the fluctuations of junctions whose effect diminishes with deformation and with dilation. Formulation of a self-consistent theory based on this suggestion required recognition of the non-affine connection between the chain vector distribution function and the macroscopic strain in a real network, which may partake of characteristics of a phantom network in some degree. Implementation of the idea was achieved through postulation of domains of constraint affecting the equilibrium distribution of fluctuations of network junctions from their mean positions. This led in due course to a theory that accounts for the relationship of stress to strain virtually throughout the ranges of strain accessible to measurement. The theory establishes connections between structure and elastic properties. This is achieved with utmost frugality in arbitrary parameters.     

某双曲拱坝的体型调整

在某砌石双曲拱坝施工中,由于施工放样的错误,使已建拱坝坝轴线偏离了设计坝轴线,为此需要重新调整拱坝体型。根据已建成的拱冠梁上游面曲线重新确定新的曲线方程,待建部分用新的曲线方程延伸,经空间有限元的应力变形分析,认为调整后的拱坝体型可行。现已付予实施。     

三峡水电站坝后钢衬钢筋混凝土压力背管的非线性有限元分析

采用钢筋混凝土非线性有限元方法，对三峡水电站钢衬钢筋混凝压力管道结构进行了计算，求得了各种钢材配置下的荷载效应并进行了相应的分析。     

A modified rainflow counting method

The rainflow counting method is commonly recognized to be a good cyclic counting method in fatigue life prediction and for testing engineering components and structures. However, it has some shortcomings, which are pointed out in this paper in connection with the analysis of the stress-strain response. A modified rainflow counting method is presented. Case studies show that all the cycles really existing in the stress-strain response that cannot be counted by the rainflow counting method can be counted by the modified rainflow counting method. So it can be said that the modified rainflow counting method is a more reasonable cycling counting method than the traditional rainflow counting method.     

钢纤维混凝土轴拉应力-应变特性的试验研究

本文采用环氧粘接法对4种纤维混凝土材料进行了轴向拉伸试验，成功地获得了材料的应力-应变全曲线。根据其试验曲线是否出现第二峰值，把纤维分为增强与增韧两大类。通过分析表明：不同的纤维形式对混凝土材料的作用机理有较大的差异。在工程应用中，应根据纤维混凝土材料的用途来选择纤维类型。     

太阳电池板结构应力-应变状态分析

多层胶接是太阳电池板的结构特点,由于不同材料的弹性模量、热膨胀系数和泊松比不同,在温度场 作用下会产生热应力应变,在多次热交变过程中热应力．应变累积最后导致结构层间剥离,因此研究温度场作用 下太阳电池板结构应力应变状态具有非常重要的实际意义。本文推导了模拟太阳电池板结构应力-应变状态的一 维模型,该模型同样适用于分析多层胶接结构应力应变状态。     

砼受压损伤力学本构模型的研究

本文利用ＭＴＳ公司８１５．０２型电液伺服试验系统对砼进行了等应变速率加载控制的应力一应变全曲线试验，应用不可逆热力学和内变量理论的成果建立了砼损伤力学模型，并用概率统计的观点分析了损伤的演化规律。由于考虑了不可逆变形的影响，本文所建本构模型与实验吻合较好。     

超贫胶结材料三轴试验

在前期大量单轴试验的基础上,对超贫胶结材料试件进行了三轴试验,得到不同胶凝材料用量、不同围压下的应力-应变曲线,分析了胶凝材料用量及围压对应力-应变曲线的影响,探讨了不同试验条件下试件的强度、体积变形规律以及残余强度等,为超贫胶结材料本构模型的建立奠定了基础。     

堆石混凝土单轴受压应力-应变全曲线试验方法研究

为了研究堆石混凝土应力-应变全曲线,采用碟形弹簧与钢柱组合成附加刚性元件增强压力机的刚性,研究了碟形弹簧并联与串联联结装置的变形量和刚度以及实现单轴受压端部减摩措施,提出了一种堆石混凝土单轴受压应力-应变全曲线的试验方法。在混凝土压力试验机上进行了堆石混凝土立方体试件单轴受压试验,测得了堆石混凝土受压应力-应变全曲线。试件破坏形态表明,采用的端部减摩措施有效,测得的应力-应变曲线下降段验证了碟形弹簧与钢柱组合装置能够吸收试件破坏时混凝土压力试验机存储的变形能。研究结果为在混凝土压力试验机上进行堆石混凝土单轴受压应力-应变全曲线提供了可行、简便、经济的测试方法。