A numerical study on the combustion limits of mesoscale methane jet flames with hydrogen addition

A meso-scale jet flame model was established for the flame ports of domestic gas stoves. The influences of hydrogen addition ratio (β = 0%–25%) on the combustion limits were explored. The results show that with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, the blow-off limit increases obviously, while the extinction limit decreases slightly, namely, the combustible range expands significantly. Quantitative analysis was carried out in terms of chemical effect and thermal effect. It was found that hydrogen addition will reduce O₂ fraction in the pre-mixture for a constant equivalence ratio. Under near-extinction limit condition, since the flame is located at the nozzle exit, the external O₂ cannot be entrained into or diffuse into the upstream of the flame, which leads to the decrease of reaction rate. However, for the near-blow-off cases, the external O₂ can be entrained and diffuse into the flame, which compensates the difference of O₂ content in the pre-mixture. Therefore, the combustion reaction is enhanced by hydrogen addition because more H radicals can be produced. In addition, as the flame is located closer to the tube with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, heat transfer between flame and tube wall is augmented and the preheating of fresh mixture is strengthened by the inner tube wall. This heat recirculation effect becomes especially notable in low velocity cases. In conclusion, the extension of extinction limit by hydrogen addition is attributed to the thermal effect, while the increase of blow-off limit is mainly due to the intensification of chemical effect.     

Driving performance and road sign identification by multifocal contact lens wearers in a driving simulator

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare sign identification distances and driving performance metrics in presbyopic participants while wearing multifocal contact lenses (MFCL) and while wearing progressive addition lens (PAL) spectacles.Methods19 presbyopic participants completed PAL spectacle assessments and contact lens fitting and follow up visits before driving assessments began. These assessments occurred in a simulator equipped with a full-sized sedan on a motion platform and a 260 degree screen. Participants completed the driving task with PAL and with MFCL. Participants followed a lead car and identified signs at various distances from the road. For the two wearing conditions, comparisons of the distance along the road at which signs were identified were made using repeated measures ANOVA. Paired t-tests were used to compare driving performance for the two conditions.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in sign identification distance between PAL and MFLC for signs 32.0 m from the road side of the road (182 ± 46 m for MFCL; 205 ± 45 m for PAL; P = 0.07) or 51.4 m from the side of the road (204 ± 43 m for MFCL; 216 ± 36 m for PAL; P = 0.3). Only signs 70.2 m from the roadside showed a significant difference (207 ± 42 m with MFCL; 232 ± 39 m with PAL; P = 0.01), All distances were greater than those required to safely stop a vehicle. There were no significant differences in the driving performance metrics between the refractive corrections.ConclusionDriving performance metrics were similar for MFCL and PAL spectacles. Sign identification distances with both eyewear types were well within the distances required for safe vehicle stopping.     

Effects of CuO addition on the sinterability and electric properties in PbNb2O6-based ceramics

PbNb₂O₆ (PN)-based ceramics with tungsten bronze structure are promising piezoelectric materials in high-temperature devices such as piezoelectric vibration transducers. However, the PN-based ceramics usually exhibit a low bulk density, which greatly limits their practical applications. In this work, CuO was used as the sintering aid to form a liquid-phase bridge, leading to an obvious increase of the bulk density of PN-based ceramics by 11% (from 5.25 to 5.85 g cm⁻³) and the improvement of the piezoelectric constant (d₃₃) (from 168 to 190 pC/N) and the Curie temperature (T_C) from 367 to 395 °C. The positive influence of CuO on densification has been proved by SEM and fracture toughness. The XRD patterns confirmed that there was no secondary phase introduced by CuO addition. The Raman spectra revealed that part of Cu²⁺ ions has probably diffused into host lattice of the PN and preferred to occupy on A-sites. These results not only demonstrate the high potential of the CuO added PN-based ceramics for high-temperature piezoelectric applications, but also reveal the corresponding structure-properties relationship as well as provide a way to improve the sinterability, d₃₃, and T_C simultaneously.     

动物源性食品中非法使用药物残留检测方法的研究进展

动物性食品可为人类提供丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质和维生素,是人类饮食中不可缺少的部分。随着人类生活水平的逐步提高,人们对动物源性食品的安全问题也越来越重视,而非法使用药物残留也一直是重要的影响因素之一。药物残留不仅会给消费者带来潜在危害,残留毒性和耐药性也会对食物和环境有显著影响。故本文综述了当前国内外关于动物源性食品中非法使用药物残留的原因、危害和药物种类,介绍了药物残留的常用检测方法,以期为加大动物源性食品中非法使用药物残留检测的力度和精度,以及从源头控制动物源性食品安全提供一定的理论指导依据。     

保健食品中非法添加药物事件及检测技术

近年来,向保健品中非法添加药物的现象时有发生。本研究针对不同保健食品的类别,梳理近年来发生的保健食品非法添加药物事件,对各类保健食品中常可能非法添加的药物及危害进行总结,并且对不同类别的保健食品中非法添加药物的检测技术进行归纳,分析技术的优缺点,为保健食品的市场监管提供参考。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定牛初乳粉中痕量硒的干扰探讨

目的 分析样品基体给检测结果造成的增敏效应影响,建立一种能消除待测样品中基体的干扰,从而准确测定痕量硒的电感耦合等离子体质谱的检测方法。方法 样品经硝酸消解后, 采用标准加入法,标准溶液加入的体积不大于待测液体积2%的前提下,在氦气模式下以元素特定质量数定性,以待测元素质谱信号与内标元素质谱信号的强度比与待测元素的浓度成正比进行定量分析。结果 样品基底对硒有增敏效果采用标准加入法能很好消除样品基底干扰,检测5种标准物质的硒含量均在标示值范围内。工作曲线相关系数达到0.998,精密度试验的相对标准偏差为3.2%。结论 该方法相对外标法能更准确对痕量硒进行定量,适合测定基底复杂存在干扰的样品,对相同或相近的样品可以共用相同工作曲线测定硒含量。     

优化气相色谱法测定生活饮用水中六六六和滴滴涕

目的优化GB/T 5750.9-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法农药指标》中的气相色谱法测定生活饮用水中六六六(α-666、β-666、γ-666、δ-666)和滴滴涕(ρ,ρ'-DDE、ο,ρ'-DDT、ρ,ρ'-DDD、ρ,ρ'-DDT)含量。方法样品经石油醚萃取浓缩后,经由电子捕获检测器-气相色谱测定α-666、β-666、γ-666、δ-666、ρ,ρ'-DDE、ο,ρ'-DDT、ρ,ρ'-DDD、ρ,ρ'-DDT的含量。结果 8种组分在8 min内全部出峰,各物质在5～100.0μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.007～0.010μg/L,回收率为85.10%～105.85%,相对标准偏差为0.43%～2.68%。结论该方法分离效果高,灵敏度高,重复性好,准确度高,可以满足实验室条件下水样中六六六和滴滴涕的测定。     

Turbulent flame structure characteristics of hydrogen enriched natural gas with CO2 dilution

This paper investigated the hydrogen enriched methane/air flames diluted with CO₂. The turbulent premixed flame was stabilized on a Bunsen type burner and the two dimensional instantaneous OH profile was measured by Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). The flame front structure characteristics were obtained by extracting the flame front from OH-PLIF images. And the turbulence-flame interaction was analyzed through the statistic parameters. The role of hydrogen addition as well as CO₂ dilution on the features of turbulent flame were revealed by those parameters. In this work, hydrogen fractions of 0, 0.2 and CO₂ dilution ratios of 0, 0.05 and 0.1 were studied. Results showed that hydrogen addition can enhance turbulent burning velocity ST/S_L through decreasing the scale of the finer structure of the wrinkled flame front, caused by the smaller flame instability scale. In contrast, CO₂ dilution decreased turbulent burning velocity S_T/S_L due to its inactive response to turbulence perturbation and larger flame wrinkles. For all flames, the probability density function (PDF) profile of the local curvature radius R shows a bias to positive value, resulted from the flame intrinsic instability. The PDF profile of R decreases with CO₂ dilution, while the value of local curvature radius corresponding to the peak PDF is larger. This indicates that larger wrinkles structure was generated due to CO₂ dilution, which leads to the decrease in S_T/S_L as a consequence. Hydrogen addition increases the flame volume and results in more intense combustion. CO₂ dilution has a decrease effect on flame volume for both X_H2 = 0 and X_H2 = 0.2 while the decrease is obvious at X_H2 = 0.2, Z_CO2 = 0.1. In all, hydrogen enrichment improves the combustion while CO₂ can moderate combustion. Therefore, adding hydrogen and CO₂ in natural gas can be a potential method for adjusting the combustion intensity in combustion chamber during the combustor design.     

Recycling of multilayer packaging using a reversible cross-linking adhesive

Plastic-based multilayer packaging has an important function on the packaging market, but is currently not recyclable as the polymer layers used are usually thermodynamically immiscible. This work therefore follows the approach to prepare separable multilayer packaging using a packaging adhesive modified with thermally unstable adducts, and proposes a corresponding recycling process. For this purpose, typical multilayer structures (polyethylene (PE)// polyethylene terephtalate (PET), PET//aluminum, and PE//aluminum) were prepared by curing furan-/maleimide-functionalized polyurethane (PU)-prepolymers with a three-functional cross-linking agent. Adhesions of up to over 3N per 15 mm test specimen were measured or substrate failures of PET films were observed. However, heating in dimethylsulfoxide, the retro-Diels–Alder reaction takes place and the cross-linked adhesive turns thermoplastic and dissolves in the solvent. Thus, the laminate separates and the pure PE, PET, and aluminum foils can be recovered without any PU residue.     

Continuous Flow Fabrication of Block Copolymer–Grafted Silica Micro‐Particles in Environmentally Friendly Water/Ethanol Media

Polymer‐grafted inorganic particles (PGIPs) are attractive building blocks for numerous chemical and material applications. Surface‐initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI‐CRP) is the most feasible method to fabricate PGIPs. However, a conventional in‐batch reaction still suffers from several disadvantages, including time‐consuming purification processes, low grafting efficiency, and possible gelation problems. Herein, a facile method is demonstrated to synthesize block copolymer–grafted inorganic particles, that is, poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMEMA)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)–grafted silica micro‐particles using continuous flow chemistry in an environmentally friendly aqueous media. Immobilizing the chain transfer agent and subsequent SI‐CRP can be accomplished sequentially in a continuous flow system, avoiding multi‐step purification processes in between. The chain length (MW) of the grafted polymers is tunable by adjusting the flow time or monomer concentration, and the narrower molar mass dispersity (Р< 1.4) of the grafted polymers reveals the uniform polymer chains on the particles. Moreover, compared with the in‐batch reaction at the same condition, the continuous system also suppresses possible gelation problems.