Real time power management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric bus based on Lyapunov stability theorem

The fuel cell/battery durability and hybrid system stability are major considerations for the power management of fuel cell hybrid electric bus (FCHEB) operating on complicated driving conditions. In this paper, a real time nonlinear adaptive control (NAC) with stability analyze is formulated for power management of FCHEB. Firstly, the mathematical model of hybrid power system is analyzed, which is established for control-oriented design. Furthermore, the NAC-based strategy with quadratic Lyapunov function is set up to guarantee the stability of closed-loop power system, and the power split between fuel cell and battery is controlled with the durability consideration. Finally, two real-time power management strategies, state machine control (SMC) and fuzzy logic control (FLC), are implemented to evaluate the performance of NAC-based strategy, and the simulation results suggest that the guaranteed stability of NAC-based strategy can efficiently prolong fuel cell/battery lifespan and provide better fuel consumption economy for FCHEB.     

Dynamic simulation of hydrogen-based off-grid zero energy buildings with hydrogen storage considering Fanger model thermal comfort

In this study, some locations with different climates, off-grid zero energy buildings with hydrogen energy storage systems are designed, and transient analysis is conducted. These considered buildings supply their electricity consumption without using the electrical grid and PV panels or wind turbines. Also, they supply thermal comfort to occupants by using a vapor compression chiller and humidifier. Domestic hot water of occupants is supplied using solar collectors. For analyzing building's performance and objectives achievement, TRNSYS software is used. Also, for evaluating occupant thermal comfort, the Fanger model is used. The considered building is a one-story building with a 150 m² area. Four occupants are considered. Both of them are seated at rest, and another is seated with light working such as typing. Using the Fanger model equation and MATLAB software, the thermal comfort of occupants is determined. For domestic hot water consumption, verified profiles that vary during 24 h of the day are considered. Achieved results show that for humid and cold cities, PV panels with an area of 73 and 76 m² can be supplied the required electricity of considered building with four occupants and battery state of charge is higher than 50% and 10%, respectively. Moreover, with a suitable air conditioner system, the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) can be lower than 12% and 8% for humid and cold cities. Therefore, the building can be converted to a zero-energy building using its rooftop area.     

Enhancing the dehydrogenation properties of LiAlH4 using K2NiF6 as additive

Lithium alanate (LiAlH₄) is a material that can be potentially used for solid-state hydrogen storage due to its high hydrogen content (10.5 wt%). Nevertheless, a high desorption temperature, slow desorption kinetic, and irreversibility have restricted the application of LiAlH₄ as a solid-state hydrogen storage material. Hence, to lower the decomposition temperature and to boost the dehydrogenation kinetic, in this study, we applied K₂NiF₆ as an additive to LiAlH₄. The addition of K₂NiF₆ showed an excellent improvement of the LiAlH₄ dehydrogenation properties. After adding 10 wt% K₂NiF₆, the initial decomposition temperature of LiAlH₄ within the first two dehydrogenation steps was lowered to 90 °C and 156 °C, respectively, that is 50 °C and 27 °C lower than that of the аs-milled LiAlH₄. In terms of dehydrogenation kinetics, the dehydrogenation rate of K₂NiF₆-doped LiAlH₄ sample was significantly higher as compared to аs-milled LiAlH₄. The K₂NiF₆-doped LiAlH₄ sample can release 3.07 wt% hydrogen within 90 min, while the milled LiAlH₄ merely release 0.19 wt% hydrogen during the same period. According to the Arrhenius plot, the apparent activation energies for the desorption process of K₂NiF₆-doped LiAlH₄ are 75.0 kJ/mol for the first stage and 88.0 kJ/mol for the second stage. These activation energies are lower compared to the undoped LiAlH₄. The morphology study showed that the LiAlH₄ particles become smaller and less agglomerated when K₂NiF₆ is added. The in situ formation of new phases of AlNi and LiF during the dehydrogenation process, as well as a reduction in particle size, is believed to be essential contributors in improving the LiAlH₄ dehydrogenation characteristics.     

Electronic regulation and core-shell hybrids engineering of palm-leaf-like NiFe/Co(PO3)2 bifunctional electrocatalyst for efficient overall water splitting

Constructing efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting remains a challenge because of the sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, the core-shell hybrids composed of Co(PO₃)₂ nanorod core and NiFe alloy shell in situ grown on nickel foam (NiFe/Co(PO₃)₂@NF) are synthesized. Owing to the hierarchical palm-leaf-like structures and strong adhesion between NiFe alloys, Co(PO₃)₂ and substrates, the catalyst provides a large surface area and rapid charge transfer, which facilitates active sites exposure and conductivity enhancement. The interfacial effect in the NiFe/Co(PO₃)₂ core-shell structure modulates the electronic structure of the active sites around the boundary, thereby boosting the intrinsic activity. Benefiting from the stable structure, the durability of the catalyst is not impaired by the inevitable surface reconfiguration. The NiFe/Co(PO₃)₂@NF electrode presents a low cell voltage of 1.63 V to achieve 10 mA cm^?2 and manifests durability for up to 36 h at different current densities.     

Facile preparation of SnS2 nanoflowers and nanoplates for the application of high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

In this work, the SnS₂ nanoflowers (SnS₂ NFs) were solvothermally prepared in the solvent of ethanol, while SnS₂ nanoplates (SnS₂ NPs) were obtained through the identical conditions except for the solvent of water. The flowers were assembled with numerous nanosheets with very thin thickness, and the NPs exhibited hexagonal shape. When used as the battery-type electrode material for supercapacitors, the SnS₂ NFs delivered a specific capacity of as high as 264.4 C g^?1 at 1 A g^?1, which was higher than the 201.6 C g^?1 of SnS₂ NPs. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) was assembled with the SnS₂ as positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode, respectively. The SnS₂ NFs//AC HSC exhibited a high energy density of 28.1 Wh kg^?1 at 904.3 W kg^?1, which was higher than the 24.2 Wh kg^?1 at 844.3 W kg^?1 of SnS₂ NPs//AC HSC. Especially, when the power density was enhanced to the highest value of 8666.8 W kg^?1, the NFs-based device could still hold 20.4 Wh kg^?1. In addition, both HSC devices showed an excellent cycling stability after 5000 cycles at 5 A g^?1. The present method is simple and can be extended to the preparation of other transition metal sulfides (TMSs)-based electrode materials with brilliant electrochemical performance for supercapacitors.     

Heterofullerene C48B12-impregnated MOF-5 and IRMOF-10 for hydrogen storage: A combined DFT and GCMC simulations study

The H₂ storage properties of isoreticular metal-organic framework materials (IRMOFs), MOF-5 and IRMOF-10, impregnated with different numbers and types of heterogeneous C₄₈B₁₂ molecules were investigated using density functional theory and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) calculations. The excess hydrogen adsorption isotherms of IRMOFs at 77 K within 20 bar indicate that suitable number and type of C₄₈B₁₂ molecules play a crucial role in improving the H₂ storage properties of IRMOFs. Among the studied pure and nC₄₈B₁₂ (n = 1, 2, 4, 8) in Ci symmetry impregnating into MOF-5, at 77 K under 6 bar, MOF-5-4C₄₈B₁₂ with a 3.5 wt% and 29.9 g/L hydrogen storage density, and at 77 K under 12 bar, the pure MOF-5 with a 4.9 wt% and 31.0 g/L hydrogen storage density has the best hydrogen storage properties. Whereas, among the studied pure and nC₄₈B₁₂ (n = 1, 2, 4, 8) in S6 symmetry impregnating into IRMOF-10, IRMOF-10-8C₄₈B₁₂ always shows the best hydrogen storage properties among the pure and C₄₈B₁₂-impregnated IRMOF-10 at 77 K within 20 bar. IRMOF-10-8C₄₈B₁₂ has a 6.0 wt% and 34.6 g/L hydrogen storage density at 77 K under 6 bar, and has a 7.1 wt% and 41.4 g/L hydrogen storage density at 77 K under 12 bar. The confinement effect of IRMOFs on C₄₈B₁₂ molecules, and steric hindrance effect of C₄₈B₁₂ molecules on IRMOFs mainly affects the H₂ uptake capacity by comparing the absolute H₂ molecules in individual IRMOFs units, C₄₈B₁₂ molecules, and IRMOFs-nC₄₈B₁₂ compounds. The absolute hydrogen adsorption profiles show that eight C₄₈B₁₂ molecules impregnating into MOF-5 can exert obvious steric effects for H₂ adsorption. The saturated gravimetric and volumetric H₂ densities of IRMOF-10-8C₄₈B₁₂ higher than those of MOF-5-8C₄₈B₁₂ due to with larger free volume.     

Physical and sensory properties of lemon-flavored acidic beverages formulated with nonfat dry milk during storage

Sensory and physical properties of 2 lemon-flavored beverages with 5% and 7.5% wt/wt nonfat dry milk (NFDM) at pH 2.5 were studied during storage. The 2 beverages had similar volatile compounds, but the 5% NFDM had higher aroma and lemon flavor, with a preferred appearance by consumers due to the lower turbidity and viscosity. After 28 d of storage at 4°C, lemon flavor decreased in the 5% NFDM beverage but was still more intense than the 7.5% one. During 70 d of storage, no microorganisms were detected, and the beverages were more stable when stored at 4°C than at room temperature according to changes of physical properties measured for appearance, turbidity, color, particle size, zeta potential, rheological properties, and transmission electron microscopy morphology. Findings of the present study suggest that NFDM may be used at 5% wt/wt to produce stable acidic dairy beverages with low turbidity when stored at 4°C.     

Co?N graphene encapsulated cobalt catalyst for H2O2 decomposition under acidic conditions

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has been listed as one of the 100 most important chemicals in the world. However, huge amount of residual H₂O₂ is hard to timely decomposed into O₂ and H₂O under acidic condition, easily resulting in explosion hazard. Here, we reported a core–shell structure catalyst, that is graphene with Co N structure encapsulated Co nanoparticles. Co N graphene shell serves as the active site for the H₂O₂ decomposition, and Co core further enhance this decomposition. Benefiting from it, the H₂O₂ decomposition were close to 100% after 6 cycles without pH adjustment, which increased 6 orders of magnitude compared with no catalyst. At the same time, the O₂ generation reached 99.67% in 2 h with little metal leaching, and ·OH has been greatly inhibited to only 0.08%. This work can cleanly remove H₂O₂ with little deep oxidation and protect the process of H₂O₂ utilization to achieve a safer world.     

Double pyrovanadates CaMgV2O7: Formation mechanism,phase structure,and thermodynamic properties

A double pyrovanadate CaMgV₂O₇ sample was synthesized via a facile solid-state route under an air atmosphere. The nonequilibrium formation pathways of the CaMgV₂O₇ were investigated via powder X-ray diffraction. A multistep reactions path (metavanadates–pyrovanadates–double pyrovanadate CaMgV₂O₇) was proposed to describe the formation of the CaMgV₂O₇ considering the thermodynamic and kinetic factors. The cell unit parameters of the CaMgV₂O₇ sample indicated the crystallization according to a monoclinic system with space group P12/c1(14), and the lattice parameters of a = 6.756 Å, b = 14.495 Å, c = 11.253 Å, β = 99.12, and V = 108.806 Å³. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also confirmed the +5 oxidation state vanadium in CaMgV₂O₇. The endothermic effects at 1033 and 1143 K were related to the incongruent melting and liquidus temperatures of CaMgV₂O₇, respectively. The comprehensive thermodynamic properties of CaMgV₂O₇ were established in both low- and high-temperature regions, utilizing a physical property measurement system and multi-high-temperature calorimetry (96 lines). The heat capacity (200 J mol K⁻¹) and entropy (198 J mol K⁻¹) at 298.15 K were computed based on the low-temperature heat capacity values, and the enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K was also estimated. The fitted high-temperature capacity can be used to obtain the changes in the enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. This study is part of building a reliable thermodynamic database of the CaO–MgO–V₂O₅ system.     

Molecular dynamics study of interfacial load transfer capability in amorphous SiOx films deposited on alumina surfaces

Effective adhesion between AlO_x and SiO_x is important for protective coatings and high-k films under extreme operating conditions. Here, we study the chemo-mechanical behavior of the AlO_x/SiO_x interface and its delamination mechanism using all-atom reactive molecular dynamics simulations. The structure of the interface is examined by the formation of bridge oxygen and the distribution of nanopores. The cleavage of ionic bonds during delamination and the resulting adhesion strength of the system are quantified using pull-out simulations. The results reveal the dependence of the nanopores and ionic bond formation on the oxide structure. The ionic bond density at the interface increases as the oxidation of the aluminum surface proceeds, which directly increases the adhesion strength with SiO_x. In particular, the global coordination distribution in the homogeneously grown oxide inhibits the formation of nanopores inside the aluminum substrate and contributes to extremely high adhesion strength. This reveals a fundamental relationship between physicochemical parameters and engineering mechanics for hetero-oxide structure design.