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Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) actuators yield muscle-like mechanical actuation with high force to weight ratio, soft and flexible structure, and adaptable compliance for rehabilitation and prosthetic appliances to the disabled as well as humanoid robots or machines. The present study is to develop empirical models of the PAM actuators, that is, a PAM coupled with pneumatic control valves, in order to describe their dynamic behaviors for practical control design and usage. Empirical modeling is an efficient approach to computer-based modeling with observations of real behaviors. Different characteristics of dynamic behaviors of each PAM actuator are due not only to the structures of the PAM actuators themselves, but also to the variations of their material properties in manufacturing processes. To overcome the difficulties, the proposed empirical models are experimentally derived from real physical behaviors of the PAM actuators, which are being implemented. In case studies, the simulated results with good agreement to experimental results, show that the proposed methodology can be applied to describe the dynamic behaviors of the real PAM actuators. 相似文献
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Flow-sensorless control valve: neural computing approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Flow measurements using conventional flow meters for feedback on the flow-control loop cause pressure drop in the flow and in turn lead to the usage of more energy for pumping the fluid. This paper presents an alternative approach for determining the flow rate without flow meters. The restriction characteristics of the flow-control valve are captured by a neural network (NN) model. The relationship between the flow rate and the physical properties of the flow as well as flow-control valve, that is, pressure drop, pressure, temperature, and flow-control valve coefficient (valve position) is found. With these accessible properties, the NN model yields the flow rate of fluid across the flow-control valve, which acts as a flow meter. The viability of the methodology proposed is illustrated by real flow measurements of compressed air which is widely used in pneumatic systems. 相似文献
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Leephakpreeda T 《ISA transactions》2012,51(2):345-350
This paper presents quantitative analysis and practical scenarios of implementation of the thermoelectric module for heat flow detection. Mathematical models of the thermoelectric effects are derived to describe the heat flow from/to the detected media. It is observed that the amount of the heat flow through the thermoelectric module proportionally induces the conduction heat owing to the temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module. In turn, the Seebeck effect takes place in the thermoelectric module where the temperature difference is converted to the electric voltage. Hence, the heat flow from/to the detected media can be observed from both the amount and the polarity of the voltage across the thermoelectric module. Two experiments are demonstrated for viability of the proposed technique by the measurements of the heat flux through the building wall and thermal radiation from the outdoor environment during daytime. 相似文献
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Environmental control strategy via computerized implementation is one of the most efficient approaches to integrate new advanced
knowledge in research of human thermal comfort to a mechanical air-conditioning unit. Recently, a new conceptual development
in designing air-conditioning systems has indicated that the indoor comfort temperature strongly depends upon changes of the
outdoor air temperature rather than to be a conventional fixed temperature set-point. The explanation is due to occupants’
adaptability of thermal comfort to a dynamic environment in terms of their clothing and/or activities while the outdoor temperature
can be explicitly used as an ultimate indicator of such changes to empirical function of the indoor comfort temperature. In
this paper, the first prototype embedded system is developed to emulate such an adaptive algorithm to numerically determine
an indoor comfort temperature for a real-time control in an air-conditioning system. From a theoretical point of view, an
adaptive comfort model together with grey prediction model is presented for exploring a practical application of a comfort
temperature-based control for a single air-conditioned space, so as to show the viability of the proposed methodology by simulated
results. The field studies by interview survey of satisfaction on thermal comfort within an air-conditioned reading room of
a library confirm the viability of the proposed real-time computerized implementation of adaptive indoor comfort temperature
via the embedded system for a conventional air-conditioning unit in practical uses. 相似文献
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Grey prediction on indoor comfort temperature for HVAC systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper describes determination of indoor comfort temperature for efficiently Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system under dynamical environment. Making occupants’ satisfaction on thermal comfort is still challenging by how the temperature setpoint of the fresh made-up air in conventional HVAC systems can be adapted properly (normally fixed) when surroundings changes in time. Essentially, being unknown ahead of time, the outdoor temperature is systematically predicted by grey prediction model in this work. The Adaptive Comfort Theory (ACT) model captures relation of the indoor comfort temperature to the outdoor temperature based on the survey data on thermal comfort in real occupants’ living environment. With the grey prediction model and the ACT model, the predicted indoor comfort temperature can be implemented as the comfort temperature reference for HVAC control systems. The experiment results show the viability of the proposed methodology for efficient HVAC control system. 相似文献
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Modification of chitosan onto PE by irradiation in salt solutions and possible use as Cu2+ complex film for pest snail control 下载免费PDF全文
Chitosan‐grafted‐polyethylene (CS‐g‐PE) film was prepared using simultaneous radiation‐inducing grafting technique. The copper ion (Cu2+) adsorptivity on the CS‐g‐PE film was determined. The CS‐hydroxybenzyltriazole (CS‐HOBt), CS‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide (CS‐NHS), CS‐acetic acid (CS‐HOAc), and CS‐glutathione (CS‐GSH) were used as CS‐salts in aqueous solutions. Among these grafting solution systems, the CS‐g‐PE film prepared from CS‐HOBt solution showed the greatest grafting amount and highest Cu2+ adsorptivity, up to 30.2% (1.51 ppm, 7.56 µg cm?2). The effects of the CS‐HOBt concentration and mixing solution on the grafting amount were also observed to clarify their efficacies to assist radiation‐induced grafting reaction. SEM/EDS mapping, ICP and XRF were used to clarify the Cu2+ adsorption capacity of the CS‐g‐PE film and the stability of Cu2+ on the CS‐g‐PE complex film. The Cu2+ showed its stability on the CS‐g‐PE film at room temperature in neutral and basic solutions. The Cu2+‐‐‐CS‐g‐PE complex film reduced pest snail breeding as high as 54%. The success of this observation is a new approach to modify PE surface with a functional biopolymer, CS containing Cu2+ complex for controlling pest snail breeding. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41204. 相似文献
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Metal nanoparticles, silver and gold, of different sizes and shapes are actively being researched in a variety of different fields such as solar cells. The unique plasmonic properties of these particles, especially in the visible and NIR-region ranging from 400-1200 nm, are the basis for most of these applications. The absorption spectra are calculated using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) in the wavelength region of 300 to 1200 nm. The modeled samples for calculating are planar array nanoparticles, basically two particles and more than two particles. The influences of the nanoparticle size, interparticle distance and polarization direction of excited light on the absorption spectra are investigated. Moreover, the optical absorption can be tuned by adjusting sizes and shape of nanoparticles to obtain the enhanced absorption. The influence of the surrounding medium is also presented. 相似文献
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Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate‐graft‐chitosan nanoparticles as a biobased nanofiller for a poly(lactic acid) blend: Radiation‐induced grafting and performance studies 下载免费PDF全文
Parichart Kongkaoroptham Thananchai Piroonpan Kasinee Hemvichian Phiriyatorn Suwanmala Watcharee Rattanasakulthong Wanvimol Pasanphan 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2015,132(37)
In this study, we aimed to modify chitosan (CS) as a novel compatible bio‐based nanofiller for improving the compatibility including the thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The modification of CS with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) was done by radiation‐induced graft copolymerization. The effects of the dose rate, irradiation dose, and PEGMA concentration on the degree of grating (DG) were investigated. The chemical structure, packing structure, thermal stability, particle morphology, and size of the PEGMA‐graft‐chitosan nanoparticles (PEGMA‐graft‐CSNPs) were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The compatibility of the PEGMA‐graft‐CSNP/PLA blends was also assessed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The PEGMA‐graft‐CSNPs exhibited a spherical shape with the DG and particle sizes in the ranges of 3–145% and 35–104 nm, respectively. The PEGMA‐graft‐CSNPs showed compatible with PLA because of the grafted PEGMA segment. A model case study of the PEGMA‐graft‐CSNP/PLA blend demonstrated the improvement not only the compatibility but also thermal stability flexibility, and ductility of PLA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42522. 相似文献
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This paper presents car-parking guidance with fuzzy knowledge-based decision making. The characteristic knowledge of all parking spaces is subjectively quantified via the fuzzy linguistic sets such as walking distance from parking place to building entrances, car safety, shade from sunlight outdoors, etc. With fuzzy definitions on those characteristics of parking space, the method of the ordered weight averaging can be applied to determine the truth value of the proposition: most desired characteristics of parking space are the characteristics of parking space to which the driver is being guided. The truth values of each parking space are to be used to rank all the available parking spaces. The parking space which has the maximum of the truth value is selected as the best parking space. Accordingly, the direction to the best parking space is guided in real-time by the traffic lights at intersections in parking lots for the drivers approaching. For viability of the proposed methodology, a model of real parking lots was used to simulate the interaction of the drivers to signs of traffic lights in real-time implementation. 相似文献
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