Determining the minimum grain size in severe plastic deformation process via first-principles calculations

Although the stacking fault energy (SFE) is a fundamental variable determining the minimum grain size (d_min) obtainable in severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes, its accurate measurement is difficult. Here we establish the SFEs of binary Pd–Ag, Pd–Cu, Pt–Cu and Ni–Cu solid solutions using the axial interaction model and the supercell model in combination with first-principles theory. The two models yield consistent formation energies. For Pd–Ag, Pd–Cu and Ni–Cu, the theoretical SFEs agree well with those from the experimental measurements. For Pt–Cu no experimental results are available, and thus our calculated SFEs represent the first reasonable predictions. We discuss the correlation of the SFE and d_min in SPD experiments and show that the d_min values can be evaluated from first-principles calculations.     

Comparative physiology and fermentation performance of Saaz and Frohberg lager yeast strains and the parental species Saccharomyces eubayanus

Two distinct genetic groups (Saaz and Frohberg) exist within the hybrid Saccharomyces pastorianus (S. cerevisiae × S. eubayanus) taxon. However, physiological/technological differences that exist between the two groups are not known. Fermentative capability of the parental S. eubayanus has likewise never been studied. Here, 58 lager strains were screened to determine which hybrid group they belonged to, and selected strains were characterized to determine salient characteristics. In 15 °P all‐malt wort fermentations at 22 °C, Frohberg strains showed greater growth and superior fermentation (80% apparent attenuation, 6.5% alcohol by volume in 3–4 days) compared to all other strains and maintained highest viability values (>93%). Fermentation with S. eubayanus was poor at the same temperature (33% apparent attenuation, 2.7% alcohol by volume at 6 days and viability reduced to 75%). Saaz strains and S. eubayanus were the least sensitive to cold (10 °C), though this did not translate to greater fermentation performance. Fermentation with S. eubayanus was poor at 10 °C but equal to or greater than that of the Saaz strains. Performance of Saaz yeast/S. eubayanus was limited by an inability to use wort maltotriose. [¹⁴C]‐Maltotriose transport assays also showed negligible activity in these strains (≤0.5 µmol min^?1 g^?1 dry yeast). Beers from Saaz fermentations were characterized by two‐ to sixfold lower production of the flavour compounds methyl butanol, ethyl acetate and 3‐methylbutyl acetate compared to Frohberg strains. Higher alcohol and ester production by S. eubayanus was similar to that of Frohberg strains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resolution of N‐hydroxymethyl vince lactam catalyzed by lipase in organic solvent

BACKGROUND: The enantiomers of N‐hydroxymethyl vince lactam are important intermediates during the synthesis of chiral drugs. The preparation of its single enantiomer can be performed through enzymatic resolution. The aim of this work is to obtain (1S, 4R)‐N‐hydroxymethyl vince lactam with high enantiomeric purity via lipase‐catalyzed enantioselective transesterification in organic solvents. To achieve this, effects of various reaction conditions (including lipase sources, acyl donor, substrate molar ratio, organic solvent, temperature, and water activity) on the enzyme activity as well as enantioselectivity were investigated. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that the enantiopreference for all the selected enzymes was (4S, 1R)‐N‐hydroxymethyl vince lactam in enantioselective transesterification of racemic N‐hydroxymethyl vince lactam. Under the selected optimum conditions, the highest enantioselectivity (E = 33.8) was obtained with a higher enzyme activity (20.3 µmol g^?1 min^?1) for Mucor miehei lipase (MML) when vinyl valerate was used as the acyl donor. Besides, the remained (1S, 4R)‐N‐hydroxymethyl vince lactam with high enantiomeric purity (ee > 99%) was obtained when the conversion was about 60%. CONCLUSION: The results obtained clearly demonstrated potential for industrial application of lipase in resolution of N‐hydroxymethyl vince lactam through enantioselective transesterification. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN COMPOUND DISTRIBUTION FROM THREE SOURCE FUELS

As part of a world-wide survey of middle distillate fuel instability, three fuels were chosen for detailed GC/MS analysis. These fuels are identified by number and country of origin; FL-2577 was from Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; FL-2599 was from Abamadj, Kuwait; and FL 2592 was from Chiba, Japan. The organo-nitrogen compounds in the three fuels were separated by mild acid extraction followed by silica gel absorption. This treatment yielded three fractions for each fuel; a basic nitrogen compounds fraction, BNC; a non-basic nitrogen compounds fraction in methylene chloride, mcl, NBNC-mcl; and a non-basic nitrogen compounds fraction in methanol, meoh, NBNC-meoh. The three fractions from each fuel were analyzed by combined capillary gc/ms. The organo-nitrogen compounds from each fraction were identified and quantitated.     

Altersbestimmung und Alterssch?tzung beim SeehundPhoca vitulina L.

Zusammenfassung An den Eckzähnen von Seehunden wurden Altersbestimmungen ausgeführt, die in Kombination mit Messungen am Baculum ein Bild vom Verlauf des Wachstums beim Seehund vermitteln.

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Summary Age determination on teeth ofPhoca vitulina combined with measuring the length of os penis allows age esteemation in this species.

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Résumé Des déterminations de l'âge par analyse des canines du phoque marin (Phoca vitulina) ont été exécutées qui combinées à des mensurations de l'os penis, donnent une idée du déroulement de la croissance chez ce pinnipède.

     

Examination of the Mode II fracture behaviour of wood with a short crack in an asymmetric four-point bending test

Asymmetric four-point bending tests of agathis specimens with a short crack along the neutral axis in a tangential–longitudinal system were conducted onto analyse the failure behaviour of wood with a short crack. The nominal shear strength and Mode II critical stress intensity factors of the specimens with various crack lengths were measured, and the influence of crack length on these properties was examined. The nominal shear strength of the cracked specimens was significantly lower than the strength of a crack-free specimen, even when the crack was extremely short. This finding suggests that the fracture mechanics theory is effective for analysing the failure behaviour of wood with a very short crack in this loading condition. However, the Mode II critical stress intensity factor still depends on the crack length. When the crack length was corrected with considering the formation of fracture process zone ahead of the crack tip, the critical intensity factor could be predicted effectively as well as the nominal shear strength.     

基于电子鼻与电子舌建立牛奶货架期预测模型

以全脂鲜牛奶为研究对象,以产品感官品质得分、电子舌样品间的差别度欧氏距离（Euclidean distance,ED）和电子鼻气味距离为指标,分析产品在4、15、23 ℃和30 ℃的贮藏温度下的变化情况。运用零级反应动力学模型,结合Arrhenius方程,利用感官品质变化临界点计算电子舌差别度ED值随时间和电子鼻气味距离临界值,构建了电子舌以及电子鼻货架期的预测方程,预测全脂鲜牛奶货架期分别为16.2 d和15.7 d,预测误差分别为8.0%和4.7%。结果表明,采用电子鼻、电子舌技术,能够有效监测牛奶保质期加速实验过程中的品质变化,并为牛奶货架期的判定提供新思路。     

响应面法优化β-半乳糖苷酶法制备低聚半乳糖工艺

本文以乳糖为起始原料,在单因素实验的基础上,结合响应面分析法考察加酶量、反应温度、反应时间、反应pH等因素对低聚半乳糖总产率和低聚半乳四糖产率的影响,优化β-半乳糖苷酶法制备低聚半乳糖工艺。结果表明,β-半乳糖苷酶法制备低聚半乳糖的最佳工艺参数为起始乳糖浓度300 g/L、加酶量8.25 U/g乳糖、反应温度49 ℃、反应时间16 h、反应pH5.6。在此条件下,低聚半乳糖总产率为14.61%,低聚半乳四糖产率为3.31%。该方法针对性提高高聚合度低聚半乳糖的产率,可为低聚半乳糖的功能性应用及特医食品的研发提供参考。