Robust video coding algorithms and systems

Wireless video communication is particularly challenging because it combines the already difficult problem of efficient compression with the additional and usually contradictory need to make the compressed bit stream robust to channel errors. We describe design and implementation strategies for error-robust video communications with an emphasis on techniques compatible with the coding approaches used in the ISO (MPEG-4) and ITU standards organizations. These techniques include modifications to the video coding algorithms as well as to the system layers that perform packetization and multiplexing     

高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中12种防腐剂和甜味剂

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中12种防腐剂和甜味剂的含量。方法样品经甲醇-水(30:70,V:V)提取,经Agilent TC C_(18)色谱柱分离,以甲醇/20 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,采用二极管矩阵检测器进行检测,检测波长为230 nm。结果 12种防腐剂和甜味剂在0.2~20μg/mL的浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,r~2≥0.9992,回收率在70.9%~115.6%之间,方法的检出限为0.001~0.005 g/kg。结论该方法具有高通量、操作简便等优点,可适用于食品中12种防腐剂和甜味剂的检测。     

气相色谱法测定食用豆中主要脂肪酸含量

目的测定以食用籽粒为主的鹰嘴豆、豌豆、蚕豆、绿豆、赤豆、黑豆和黄豆等7种食用豆中主要脂肪酸的含量。方法乙醚和石油醚提取食用豆中的油脂,采用皂化和甲酯化方法将脂肪酸转化为脂肪酸甲酯,通过气相色谱仪火焰离子化检测器对脂肪酸甲酯的含量进行测定。结果棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸为食用豆中所含的5种主要脂肪酸,其中亚油酸的相对含量均为最高。绿豆和赤豆中棕榈酸的相对含量分别为24.46%和20.01%,α-亚麻酸分别为20.13%和27.86%,两种脂肪酸的含量明显高于其他5种豆类。对油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸等3种不饱和脂肪酸相对含量进行加和可得,绿豆和赤豆中总不饱和脂肪酸含量较低,分别为61.82%和69.28%,鹰嘴豆中最高,为86.55%,豌豆中为84.66%,蚕豆中为82.25%,黑豆中为84.47%,黄豆中为84.01%。结论食用豆中主要脂肪酸含量差异较大,但不饱和脂肪酸含量均较高,方法所得实验数据科学、准确,能够为评价食用豆的营养价值及综合开发利用提供基础数据支撑。     

产生式与判别式线性混合分类器

产生式方法和判别式方法是解决分类问题的两种不同框架,具有各自的优势。为利用两种方法各自的优势,文中提出一种产生式与判别式线性混合分类模型,并设计一种基于遗传算法的产生式与判别式线性混合分类模型的学习算法。该算法将线性混合分类器混合参数的学习看作一个最优化问题,以两个基分类器对每个训练数据的后验概率值为数据依据,用遗传算法找出线性混合分类器混合参数的最优值。实验结果表明,在大多数数据集上,产生式与判别式线性混合分类器的分类准确率优于或近似于它的两个基分类器中的优者。     

3-D wavelet compression and progressive inverse wavelet synthesis rendering of concentric mosaic

Using an array of photo shots, the concentric mosaic offers a quick way to capture and model a realistic three-dimensional (3-D) environment. We compress the concentric mosaic image array with a 3-D wavelet transform and coding scheme. Our compression algorithm and bitstream syntax are designed to ensure that a local view rendering of the environment requires only a partial bitstream, thereby eliminating the need to decompress the entire compressed bitstream before rendering. By exploiting the ladder-like structure of the wavelet lifting scheme, the progressive inverse wavelet synthesis (PIWS) algorithm is proposed to maximally reduce the computational cost of selective data accesses on such wavelet compressed datasets. Experimental results show that the 3-D wavelet coder achieves high-compression performance. With the PIWS algorithm, a 3-D environment can be rendered in real time from a compressed dataset.     

End-to-end TCP-friendly streaming protocol and bit allocation for scalable video over wireless Internet

With the convergence of wired-line Internet and mobile wireless networks, as well as the tremendous demand on video applications in mobile wireless Internet, it is essential to an design effective video streaming protocol and resource allocation scheme for video delivery over wireless Internet. Taking both network conditions in the Internet and wireless networks into account, in this paper, we first propose an end-to-end transmission control protocol (TCP)-friendly multimedia streaming protocol for wireless Internet, namely WMSTFP, where only the last hop is wireless. WMSTFP can effectively differentiate erroneous packet losses from congestive losses and filter out the abnormal round-trip time values caused by the highly varying wireless environment. As a result, WMSTFP can achieve higher throughput in wireless Internet and can perform rate adjustment in a smooth and TCP-friendly manner. Based upon WMSTFP, we then propose a novel loss pattern differentiated bit allocation scheme, while applying unequal loss protection for scalable video streaming over wireless Internet. Specifically, a rate-distortion-based bit allocation scheme which considers both the wired and the wireless network status is proposed to minimize the expected end-to-end distortion. The global optimal solution for the bit allocation scheme is obtained by a local search algorithm taking the characteristics of the progressive fine granularity scalable video into account. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed schemes.     

Network-Adaptive Rate Control and Unequal Loss Protection with TCP-Friendly Protocol for Scalable Video Over Internet

Video communication with Quality of Service (QoS) is an important and challenging task. To have QoS provision at application level in the current best-effort Internet, rate control, congestion control and error control are several effective approaches. In this paper, we propose a new network-adaptive rate control and Unequal Loss Protection (ULP) scheme in conjunction with TCP-friendly congestion control for scalable video streaming. Our proposed approach is capable of simultaneously controlling congestion and packet loss occurred across the Internet. More specifically, we first dynamically estimate the available network bandwidth on the fly. Then, TCP-friendly congestion control is performed to smoothly adjust the sending rate for transmission of continuous media. Considering the characteristic of scalable video, unequal loss protection at packet level is adopted for different video layers while performing congestion control. Consequently, a fixed-length and priority-based packetization scheme is introduced to enhance the capability of loss protection and improve the efficiency of network-bandwidth utilization. Moreover, Rate-Distortion (R-D) based bit allocation is proposed to minimize the expected end-to-end distortion. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.     

数字PID控制及其改进算法的应用

对PID控制的比例、积分和微分控制的物理意义进行了深入的阐述。结合一个具体的二阶系统(转台)的应用,阐述了各种PID控制算法的优缺点和适用性。根据实际的被控对象,逐步考虑了被控对象的三种不同的数学模型:理想的、带死区的和带死区且有量测噪声的。最后给出了指导性更加明确的PID参数工程整定的一般步骤。     

Information loss recovery for block-based image coding techniques-afuzzy logic approach

A new technique to recover the information loss in a block-based image coding system is developed in this paper. The proposed scheme is based on fuzzy logic reasoning and can be divided into three main steps: (1) hierarchical compass interpolation/extrapolation (HCIE) in the spatial domain for initial recovery of lost blocks that mainly contain low-frequency information such as smooth background (2) coarse spectra interpretation by fuzzy logic reasoning for recovery of lost blocks that contain high-frequency information such as complex textures and fine features (3) sliding window iteration (SWI), which is performed in both spatial and spectral domains to efficiently integrate the results obtained in steps (1) and (2) such that the optimal result can be achieved in terms of surface continuity on block boundaries and a set of fuzzy inference rules. The proposed method, which is suitable for recovering both isolated and contiguous block losses, provides a new approach for error concealment of block-based image coding systems such as the JPEG coding standard and vector quantization-based coding algorithms. The principle of the proposed scheme can also be applied to block-based video compression schemes such as the H.261, MPEG, and HDTV standards. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.