药物相互作用研究在新药研发和审评决策中的应用

药物相互作用改变了剂量效应关系，可能会降低疗效或增加毒性，是临床应用中合并用药治疗时重要的考虑因素。预测具有临床意义的药物相互作用是药物研发过程中获益风险评估的重要环节。本文概述了药物研发过程中药物相互作用研究的目的和意义，体内和体外研究的主要内容；梳理分析了2020年国家药品监督管理局（National Medical Products Administration, NMPA）和美国食品药品监督管理局（Food and Drug Administration, FDA）批准上市的新药药物相互作用研究情况，旨在为我国药物研发过程中药物相互作用研究及其监管审评提供参考。     

Technological and sensorial properties of liquid nitrogen ice cream enriched with protein from brewing waste (trub)

Debittered trub (brewing waste) is an important source of protein source (70.26%). Trub and whey protein were used for 5% protein enrichment of ice cream frozen by liquid nitrogen. Three formulations were elaborated: ice cream standard (ICS), ice cream with whey protein (ICW) and ice cream with trub (ICT). Chemical composition, rheological properties, texture, overrun, melting rate, scanning electron microscopy and a sensorial test were performed. Results showed that ICT presented a higher viscosity, obtained on the upward curve up to 6.76 Pa s⁻¹, consistency index (22.96 (Pa s⁻¹)ⁿ), hysteresis area (140.40 mPa s⁻¹) and hardness (31113.33 g) but a lower melting rate (0.38 g min⁻¹), overrun (13.92%) and sensorial acceptability than the other formulations. The addition of trub debittered for protein enrichment improved ice cream properties and demonstrated that it could be used as a food ingredient.     

Annual and regional variations of aflatoxin B1 levels seen in grains and feed coming from Croatian dairy farms over a 5-year period

The aim of the study was to investigate annual and regional differences in the level of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in grains and dairy cattle feed. Maize (n = 972), wheat (n = 201), barley (n = 147), oat (n = 136), grain mixtures (n = 168), and dairy cattle feed (n = 325) were sampled from 2009 to 2013 on different farms and in different farm factories situated in four Croatian regions. The samples were analysed for AFB₁ using the validated ELISA immunoassay. AFB₁ was determined in 16.4% of all investigated samples, among which maize was proven to be the most contaminated, with 21.7% of the samples recovered during 2013 harbouring AFB₁ in concentrations over the permissible ones. Levels higher than permitted were observed in 17.9% and 12.3% of grain mixtures and dairy cattle feed, respectively, whereas concentrations of AFB₁ determined in other crops throughout the investigated period met the stipulated requirements. The results revealed the AFB₁ occurrence to be significantly (p < 0.05) dependent on the cultivation region, with the highest levels generally found in maize harvested in 2013 and consequently in grain mixtures and cattle feed that can most likely be associated with climatic conditions as the most critical factor for mould formation, and thus also AFB₁ production.     

面向消费类电子产品的自动化生产线成组技术

针对现代消费类电子产品快速更新换代的现状, 介绍了该类产品的自动化生产线成组技术,阐述了通过度量消费类电子产品相似性和派生性特征,对产线进行成组编码的原理,研究产线工位单元的建模方法,描述了建模内容,并通过有无装载板的产线结构,论述了产线成组编码集成的途径和方法.     

我国乳品加工技术创新体系发展方向的研究

从乳品加工产前、产中、产后三个方面，论述了我国乳品工业在技术方向应优先发展领域和发展方向。     

Characteristics of Milk Powders Produced by Spray Freeze Drying

Skim and whole milk powders were manufactured at lab scale by spray freeze drying (SFD), using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. The polydispersity of droplet/particle sizes was limited using an encapsulator nozzle to atomize the feed. Particle morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Samples were compared with equivalent spray-dried powders in tests of wettability and dissolution in water. The spray freeze-dried powders were found to be highly porous, with a uniform structure of pores throughout the entire particles. When tested in water, SFD skim milk powders wetted roughly three times as fast as industrially spray-dried agglomerated skim milk powders and were observed to dissolve rapidly by breaking down into smaller particles.     

烃氧化产物皂化后活性组分在油、水相的分配

用强酸酸化后测定乙醚抽出物酸量和酯量、溴甲酚绿两相滴定测定羧酸盐等方法研究了烃氧化产物皂化后活性组分在油、水相的分配。结果表明,在现行的用NaOH皂化烃氧化产物以制备水溶性石油磺酸盐的过程中有相当多的活性组分分配到油相;在水相和油相中均有大量羧酸酯存在,羧酸酯量远远超过羧酸盐量。     

我国动漫衍生产品发展趋势分析

随着国内动漫创作质量的提高和产业链的不断完善,动漫综合开发也带来了衍生产品及其市场的发展,形成了动漫产业全方位发展的格局。本文主要针对我国动漫衍生产品的现状、存在的问题和未来发展趋势,进行系统地阐述与分析。     

探析产品设计中的“绿色设计”

由于环境的恶化、自然资源的有限和过度开采,倡导环境和资源保护的绿色设计必将成为今后产品设计的主流之一;社会的可持续发展的要求预示着"绿色设计"将成为现代产品设计的重要思想。然而多数人对绿色设计真正含义并不十分明确。本文就绿色设计的具体含义作了具体的分析,并把绿色设计的内容和趋势进行了新的总结和拓展。     

A farm level approach to define successful mitigation strategies for GHG emissions from ruminant livestock systems

Ruminant livestock systems are a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Thus far, mitigation options for GHG emissions mainly focused on a single gas, and are treated as isolated activities. The present paper proposes a framework for a farm level approach for the full accounting of GHG emissions. The methodology accounts for the relevant direct and indirect emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide, including carbon sequestration. Furthermore, the potential trade-off with ammonia volatilisation and nitrate leaching are taken into account. A ruminant livestock farm is represented with a conceptual model consisting of five pools: animal, manure, soil, crop and feed. The carbon and nitrogen inputs, throughputs and outputs are described, and the direct emissions are related to the carbon and nitrogen flows. The indirect emissions included in the methodology are mainly carbon dioxide emissions from energy use and nitrous oxide emissions related to imported resources and nitrogen losses. The whole farm approach is illustrated with a case of two dairy farms with contrasting livestock density and grassland management. It is shown that the inclusion of carbon sequestration and all indirect emissions have a major impact on the GHG budget of the farm. For one farm, the effect of four mitigation options on the GHG emissions was quantified. It was concluded that a whole farm approach of full accounting contributes to a better insight in the interactions between the carbon and nitrogen flows and the resulting emissions, within and outside the farm boundaries. Consequently, the methodology can be used to develop efficient and effective mitigation strategies.