Chemical response of Picea glehnii seed-epiphytic Penicillium species to Pythium vexans under in vitro competitive conditions for mycelial growth

The potential protection of Picea glehnii seedlings from damping-off by seed-epiphytic Penicillium species was investigated. We studied the chemical response of seed-epiphytic Penicillium species (Pen. cyaneum, Pen. damascenum, and Pen. implicatum) to Pythium vexans, a damping-off fungus, in vitro. Penicillium species were cultured singly or cocultured with Pyt. vexans for 14 or 18 d, and mycelial growth, pH of culture filtrate, antifungal activity of the culture filtrate against Pyt. vexans, and the amount of antifungal compound produced by each Penicillium species, were examined. The filtrate of both the single culture of Penicillium and the coculture of Penicillium and Pyt. vexans showed antifungal activity against Pyt. vexans. In a coculture with Pyt. vexans, Pen. cyaneum produced an antifungal compound (patulin) as in the single culture. Pen. damascenum cocultured with Pyt. vexans produced an antifungal compound (citrinin), as it did in the single culture and in larger amounts on day 10. Pen. implicatum produced two antifungal compounds, frequentin and palitantin, and the ratio of frequentin (with higher antifungal activity than palitantin) to palitantin was higher in the coculture with Pyt. vexans than in the single culture. Our results indicate that these Penicillium species have the ability to produce antifungal compounds and to keep antifungal activity under competitive condition with Pyt. vexans. The chemical response of these Penicillium species to Pyt. vexans may contribute to protect P. glehnii seedlings from damage by Pyt. vexans.     

无桔霉素高比例开环式莫纳可林K红曲产品的生产

筛选得到 1株不产桔霉素 ,高产开环式莫纳可林K的红曲霉 990 1菌 ,该菌固态发酵红曲米中莫纳可林K的含量最高可达 1 1 0 0 0mg/kg。红曲产品中开环式莫纳可林K的比例为 70 %～90 %。该菌在酵母提取物和蔗糖培养基及谷氨酸钠及葡萄糖为主的培养基的培养液中均未测出桔霉素。液态及固态发酵红曲产品也未测出桔霉素 ,初步表明该菌株没有桔霉素生物合成能力。固态发酵过程中 ,宜采取先 3 0℃后 2 6℃的变温控制模式 ;物料初始水分含量宜控制在 65 %左右。     

不产桔霉素红曲诱变菌株的选育及色素发酵条件的优化

利用60Co辐照对原本具有桔霉素生产能力的红曲菌9908进行诱变,筛选得到1株不产桔霉素的菌株,命名为红曲菌9908A,32℃培养6d,色价高于1300U/g。分别采用YES、MSG液态培养和固态培养方式,对该菌株是否产桔霉素进行了详细的研究。结果发现,在这3种培养方式下,该菌株均不产桔霉素。在实验室基础上对该菌株产色素固态发酵条件进行了优化,优化条件为装料量50g、初始加水量60mL、拌料水初始pH5.0、ZnSO4浓度0.2%,优化后的色价维持在2000U/g左右。红曲米中未测出桔霉素。     

红曲霉抑菌活性物质与桔霉素的研究进展

介绍了红曲霉产生抑菌活性物质的种类以及桔霉素的发现、性质、检测方法和解决途径等方面的研究进展。     

HPLC法测定酯化红曲霉发酵液中桔霉素含量

研究了酯化红曲霉发酵液中桔霉素含量测定的条件和方法：采用色谱柱ZORBAX Eclipse XDB Ca（5um,250mm×4．6mm）;乙腈：水（磷酸调pH2．5）为50：50（v：v）为流动相;柱温28℃;流速1mL／min,于波长入ex331nm、λem500nm荧光检测器检测,采用外标法定性、定量。在此色谱条件下,枯霉素呈现较好的分离效果和重现性,其保留时间为6,454min左右,最低检测浓度为32ug/L,平均回收率为98．95％,RSD：1．53％。     

培养条件对红曲霉产红曲红色素及桔霉素影响的研究

通过改变红曲霉液态发酵条件,分析发酵过程中培养基、发酵时间以及装液量对色素及桔霉素产量的影响。结果显示,含氮量高的培养基会强化桔霉素的生成;桔霉素的生成量随发酵时间的延长而上升,到120h时达到最高,然后开始下降,而色素从120h后保持恒定;随着装液量的增加,桔霉素和色素的产量呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。     

Inhibition of Citrinin-Induced Apoptotic Biochemical Signaling in Human Hepatoma G2 Cells by Resveratrol

The mycotoxin citrinin (CTN), a natural contaminant in foodstuffs and animal feeds, exerts cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on various mammalian cells. CTN causes cell injury, including apoptosis, but its precise regulatory mechanisms of action are currently unclear. Resveratrol, a member of the phytoalexin family found in grapes and other dietary plants, possesses antioxidant and anti-tumor properties. In the present study, we examined the effects of resveratrol on apoptotic biochemical events in Hep G2 cells induced by CTN. Resveratrol inhibited CTN-induced ROS generation, activation of JNK, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), as well as activation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and PAK2. Moreover, resveratrol and the ROS scavengers, NAC and α-tocopherol, abolished CTN-stimulated intracellular oxidative stress and apoptosis. Active JNK was required for CTN-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptotic biochemical changes, including loss of MMP, and activation of caspases and PAK2. Activation of PAK2 was essential for apoptosis triggered by CTN. These results collectively demonstrate that CTN stimulates ROS generation and JNK activation for mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling in Hep G2 cells, and these apoptotic biochemical events are blocked by pretreatment with resveratrol, which exerts antioxidant effects.     

食品添加剂红曲红中桔霉素检测方法的研究

食品添加剂红曲红中桔霉素限量问题已成为近年来国内外研究热点。目前,国内缺乏专门针对红曲红色素中桔霉素检测的标准方法。文中在综合分析国内外相关桔霉素检测方法技术资料的基础上,通过试验,对粉状样品预处理条件进行了优化,研究了适合我国生产的红曲红色素中桔霉素检测方法。粉状红曲红样品先用体积分数50%乙醇配制成一定浓度的试样液,试样液在优化的树脂分离条件下进行洗脱,然后采用高效液相色谱法测定洗脱液中的桔霉素含量。实验结果显示:优化的树脂分离条件能较好地洗脱样品中的桔霉素;配有荧光检测器的高效液相色谱仪能较灵敏地检出桔霉素含量,方法检测限为0.2μg/L,基质加标平均回收率为105.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2%。     

高产开环型monacolin K红曲霉菌株的筛选及其在红曲酒酿造中的应用

该研究采用38株红曲霉菌株固态发酵制备功能红曲米,采用高效液相色谱法测定红曲米中monacolin K和桔霉素含量,筛选高产开环型莫纳可林K(monacolin K)红曲霉菌株,通过形态观察及分子生物学技术对筛选菌株进行鉴定,并将其应用于红曲酒酿造,分析红曲酒的品质。结果表明,筛选得到1株高产开环型monacolin K、不产桔霉素的菌株ABQ2,经鉴定,其为丛毛红曲霉（Monascus pilosus）。采用该菌株发酵制备功能红曲米中的monacolin K含量达到25.10 mg/g,开环率为90.5%,且桔霉素未检出。采用菌株ABQ2酿造的红曲酒酒精度为12%vol,酸度为1.91 g/100 mL,monacolin K含量为0.48 mg/mL,其理化指标均符合相关行标要求;与小曲酒相比,红曲酒中总酯含量（433.65 mg/L）极显著增加（P<0.01）,其中乳酸乙酯和乙酸乙酯含量最高,高级醇类含量（145.52 mg/L）略低,主要为正丙醇、异丁醇、正戊醇、β-苯乙醇等。