砾岩储层精细描述中标准测井资料的应用

克拉玛依油田七区的标准测井资料是指使用标准电极系视电阻率测井、自然电位测井和井径测井,以相同的1:500深度比例尺及相同的横向比例进行测井作业所取得的资料.这种资料本来并不具备定量解释储层孔隙度和含油饱和度的能力,但这种资料占该区测井资料总量的比率高达34%.利用标准电极系视电阻率资料和岩心分析资料建立了视电阻率-岩性图版,利用自然电位减小系数α和岩心孔隙度分析资料φ建立了α-φ图版,根据综合测井资料求出标准测井视电阻率校正系数,进而确定了饱和度计算方程的参数.与相应的综合测井资料计算结果相对比,用该方法得到的孔隙度平均绝对误差及相对误差分别为1.85%和11.88%;含油饱和度平均绝对误差及相对误差分别为9.08%和24.75%.将该方法有选择地应用到该区砾岩储层精细描述研究中,弥补了缺乏综合测井资料无法进行测井储层评价及参数研究的缺陷.     

热欧地区残留可容纳空间分布及储集砂体预测

辽河盆地热欧地区勘探程度低,取心资料少,砂体与油气分布具有较强的隐蔽性。针对这一问题,首次将层序地层学的原理和方法应用于该区储集砂体分布规律的预测。对地层的重新划分与对比发现,研究区沙三段内部存在着明显的不整合界面SB₂。该不整合面的形成期正是河道砂储集体沿层序SQ₂-TST沉积初期残留可容纳空间的充填期,因此循着层序界面SB₂寻找沉积古地貌低洼区是预测砂岩储集体的关键。对比发现,受断裂与火山岩堆集体的联合控制,古地貌低洼区沿沟谷及火山岩体侧翼的断槽一带展布,钻井证实该带是层序SQ₂-TST河道砂体的主要充填区。对这些砂体的成功预测有效地指导了该地区油气勘探。     

基于湿润锋前进法的不同应力状态砂质黄土土柱渗流试验

由于试验装置的局限性,非饱和土渗透特性的研究大多未考虑应力对渗透系数的影响。为探讨水-力耦合作用下砂质黄土的渗透特性,自主研制了一套水-力耦合试验装置。采用湿润锋前进法探究了不同初始干密度和轴向力对非饱和渗透系数的影响,得到水-力耦合作用下非饱和黄土渗透性和轴向位移的演化规律。结果表明:(1)砂质黄土的渗透系数随基质吸力的增大而减小,在不同测试截面处渗透函数曲线出现分层现象;(2)土体的渗透系数随初始干密度和轴向力增大而减小;(3)随轴向力增大,不同初始干密度土柱的稳定渗透系数趋向一致;(4)砂质黄土具有较大的水敏性,在水-力耦合作用下土体结构破坏,导致湿化前后轴向位移差异较大。     

Effects of urea fertigation of apple trees on soil pH,exchangeable cations and extractable manganese in a sandy loam soil in New Zealand

Changes in soil pH, exchangeable aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and extractable manganese (Mn) were investigated after urea fertigation of a sandy loam soil in an apple orchard in New Zealand. Urea at three rates (0, 25, 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 or 0, 16.9, 33.8 g N emitter^–1 yr^–1) was applied in 4 equal fertigations. Soil cores at 4 profile depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) directly below and 20 cm from the emitter were sampled approximately 4 weeks after each fertigation and in the following winter. Results obtained showed that the largest changes in soil pH and cations occurred in soils directly below the emitter in the 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatment where the soil pH decreased by 1.6 pH units at all soil depths. The lowest pH of 4.3 was observed at a depth of 27 cm. Exchangeable Al and extractable Mn levels increased to 11 meq kg^–1 and 78µg g^–1 respectively. Estimated losses of Ca, Mg and K from the upper soil profile depth (0–10 cm) represented 23, 63 and 27% of their respective total exchangeable levels. At lower profile depths (>20 cm), accumulation of displaced K was evident. Variable, and generally non-significant, chemical changes recorded in soils 20 cm from the emitter were attributed to restricted lateral water movement, and therefore urea movement, down the profile.The present study showed that one season of urea fertigation by trickle emitters, applied to a sandy loam, at half the rate conventionally applied to apple orchards (50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) resulted in pH and mineral element imbalances which were potentially and sufficiently severe to inhibit tree growth.     

Bauxite residue (red mud) increases phosphorus retention in sandy soil catchments in Western Australia

The Peel-Harvey estuary on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia has become eutrophic partly because of the leaching of fertiliser phosphorus from sandy soils. The acid, coarse textured sandy soils are predominantly quartz, have a low iron and aluminium content and do not retain phosphorus. Red mud, derived from bauxite, is a by-product of the alumina industry and has the ability to retain phosphorus. Retention of phosphorus is enhanced when the red mud is neutralised with gypsum. Red mud has been suggested as a soil amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching.To investigate the reduction in the leaching of phosphorus from soils amended with red mud, weirs were constructed at the outlets from a pair of catchments to quantify the amount of phosphorus in the streamflow. Both catchments were deep grey Bassendean sand. One of the catchments was treated with 80 t/ha of red mud which had been neutralised with waste gypsum from the phosphate industry. The red mud was applied to the soil surface using conventional fertiliser spreading equipment. The other catchment was untreated.The red mud reduced phosphorus loss by 70% from 13.8 kg/ha on the untreated catchment, to 4.2 kg/ha on the treated catchment. Both catchments were treated with 20.4 kg/ha of phosphorus as superphosphate. The catchment treated with red mud also received a further 41.5 kg/ha of phosphorus from the phosphogypsum that was used to neutralise the red mud.Our results show that red mud reduces phosphorus leaching and is potentially a nutrient management option in sandy soils. Red mud has the potential to reduce the impact of agriculture on the estuarine environment and has implications for the continued expansion and intensification of agriculture in the Peel-Harvey catchment.     

基于改进一次二阶矩法的砂土液化判别方法

通过对改进一次二阶矩可靠性分析方法进行研究,提出了一种基于标准贯入击数极限状态方程的地震液化可靠度评估方法,并用Matlab 7．0编制了相应的地震液化概率判别程序。用该可靠性分析方法对1976年河北唐山大地震的资料进行了液化概率分析,并与实测值和规范判别法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：该方法具有可行性和精确性,为砂土液化势评估提供了一种有效的新方法。     

华丰井田4煤层顶板砾岩水突出影响因素分析

在分析砾岩分布特征及其水文地质特征的基础上,以矿山压力控制理论为指导,运用岩层沉降理论推断了华丰矿1409工作面在采厚为6.5m的情况下,导水裂隙带发育高度为96.2m,揭示了导水裂隙能够导致顶板砾岩水突出.结合矿山压力观测资料和顶板突水量资料,阐述了矿山压力和顶板砾岩突水突出之间的因果影响关系.根据2407工作面冲击地压监测资料,阐明冲击地压对顶板突水的促进作用.建立了顶板水沿工作面下平巷突出运移的模型,阐明了斑裂线是导致砾岩水大量突出的主要导水通道.     

波形纤维对砂质黏性紫色土力学性能的影响

加筋土目前已被广泛运用在加固软土地基、边坡、挡土墙等工程中,其中纤维加筋土作为一种新型复合材料,因其具备相对均质的、近似各向同性的性质而备受关注。为研究波形聚丙烯纤维对砂质黏性紫色土力学性能的影响,通过控制纤维含量（0.2%,0.3%,0.4%）、长度（20,30,40 mm）两个因素进行无侧限压缩和三轴压缩试验。结果表明：随着波形纤维含量的增加,加筋土无侧限抗压强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在纤维掺量为0.3%时,无侧限抗压强度和残余强度均达到最大值;纤维长度对加筋土无侧限抗压强度也有影响,纤维长度大于20 mm时,会提高无侧限抗压强度,但同时也会削弱破坏韧性;随着纤维含量和长度的增加,试样的凝聚力升高、内摩擦角降低。     

基于大型动三轴试验的筑坝砂砾石料动模量和阻尼比研究

为获得筑坝砂砾石料的动模量、阻尼比参数及其影响因素和影响规律,采用大型动三轴试验仪,对某沥青混凝土心墙砂砾石坝的筑坝砂砾石料进行了动模量、阻尼比试验,研究了筑坝砂砾石料的动应力-动应变特性,分析了围压对最大动模量、动剪切模量比和阻尼比的影响,并以修正等效线性模型为基础,确定坝壳料和过渡料的动模量和阻尼比等特性参数。试验结果表明:随着围压增大,筑坝砂砾石料的动剪切模量增大,阻尼比减小;随着动应变的增大,动剪切模量比逐渐减小,阻尼比变大;修正等效线性模型引入归一化动应变,能较好地消除围压对动模量衰减规律和阻尼比的影响,能较准确地反映筑坝砂砾石料的动力变形特性。研究成果可为类似工程提供借鉴和参数 。     

砂性土坡面防护结构抗降雨冲刷性能试验研究

针对砂性土堤防坡面抗雨水冲刷能力弱的工程实际,建立砂性土坡面冲刷试验模型,开展降雨冲刷试验,研究不同砂性土堤防坡面保护层抗冲刷性能。分析降雨条件下不同砂性土堤防坡面保护层的冲刷过程,总结出沙土、膨润土与秸秆三者混合形成的坡面保护层能够抵抗雨水冲刷、保障植物种子顺利成长,便于施工。