超(特)高压线路弹压式钩型接地线的研制

输电线路停电检修时,一项重要保护措施就是挂设接地线,以保证检修人员在检修过程中免遭触电伤害。而比较常见的接地线在使用过程中存在一定的困难和安全隐患,特别是在超(特)高压输电线路上,尤为明显,而研制的弹压式钩型接地线在挂设、拆除过程中简单方便、工作效率较高、安全性大大提高。     

Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.     

基于UKF和IGG改进聚类算法的特高压交流输电线路参数辨识

为有效辨识特/超高压交流输电线路的实时运行参数,尽可能剔除相量测量单元(PMU)量测数据存在的随机噪声,提出一种改进算法。该算法首先采用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)对原始量测数据进行初始滤波,然后通过分布参数等值电路模型辨识线路参数,最后利用三段式IGG(Institute of GeodesyGeophysics)原理设置权函数的改进聚类方法对辨识的参数进行聚类处理,将多时间断面的参数聚类中心作为线路参数最终辨识结果。对1000k V特高压交流示范工程晋东南-南阳-荆门线路进行仿真分析,算例仿真结果表明了新型混合算法的准确性与有效性。     

500kV变电站断路器W相无电流原因分析与处理

内蒙古电网某500 kV变电站内5022断路器在运行过程中W相出现无电流的情况,通过测量断路器端子箱电流互感器二次电流、保护装置电流,统计并分析断路器电流变化历史数据,检查一次设备等手段,确定故障原因为5022-1隔离开关因长时间运行导致动、静触头间产生了较大的接触电阻.对此,在5022断路器停电检修期间,打磨5022-1隔离开关W相接点处,清除表面氧化物,有效降低了接触电阻.送电后,测试5022断路器三相电流均已恢复平衡,保证了电网安全稳定运行.同时,分别从技术、管理角度提出了防范措施.     

等效集中参数模型在空载长线路教学中的应用

在＂电气工程基础＂课程的过电压教学过程中,空载架空线路的长线电容效应是一个十分重要的概念。本文从均匀架空长线的分布参数等效模型及其端点的等效集中参数模型出发,对电容效应不同的补偿方式进行等效参数分析和讨论,同时对复杂的补偿方法进行了等效分析.本文的讨论对电气工程课程的教学和工程实践具有一定的参考价值。     

基于CORBA技术的特高压智能变电站通信模式研究

IEC61850规定智能电子装置(IED)采用客户端/服务器模式进行通信.在现有方式下,IED客户端/服务器通信模式的实现大多采用客户端与服务器直接相连的两层体系结构.本文针对此实现方式的不足,根据CORBA组件的基本原理,通过CORBA提供的ORB机制建立了三层体系结构的客户端/服务器通信模式.在全面遵循IEC618...     

三峡地区超高压输电线路防融冰闪络装置研究

针对三峡地区500 kV架空输电线路多次发生融冰闪络故障的现象,从线路所经过地区的环境和运行特点着手,分析了线路融冰闪络的原因及形成特点,提出了具体的防线路融冰闪络措施并设计了一种防融冰闪络装置.     

基于环流量的同杆四回输电线路故障选线

为了消除同杆四回线导线间的耦合问题,基于先线间解耦、再相间解耦的顺序,利用矩阵变换的方法提出了一种新的同杆四回线相模变换分析方法。在此基础上结合各单回线故障时的边界条件,对不同回线各种故障情况下各序环流量之间的相位关系进行全面分析。利用不同回线故障时各环流量间的相角差至少相差90°的特点,提出了一种不受系统阻抗影响的基于环流量相角差的同杆四回线故障选线方法。大量的ATP/EMTP仿真验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。     

超/特高压输电工程典型间隙操作冲击放电特性试验研究综述

在超/特高压输电工程的设计中,空气间隙的选择非常重要,可以影响输电线路中杆塔的尺寸,以及变电站或换流站中各种带电结构之间的距离。空气间隙的合理设计既关乎系统的安全稳定运行,又直接影响到工程的造价。一般情况下,与工频、直流或雷电过电压相比,耐受操作过电压所需的空气间隙最大,因此,杆塔和变电站或换流站中典型空气间隙的操作冲击放电特性是影响输电工程安全性和经济性的重要因素之一,也是超/特高压交直流输电工程设计的主要依据。操作电压下空气间隙的放电特性与电极的形状、电极间的距离、施加电压的波形等因素有关。通过对国内外空气间隙在操作冲击电压下的试验研究进行综述,包括各种典型间隙的操作冲击放电特性以及影响该特性的各种因素,从而为今后更加深入地研究操作冲击放电特性提供借鉴。     

应用BP神经网络的超高压输电线路可听噪声预测

以甘肃省多条330 kV超高压输电线路可听噪声的实测数据样本为例,研究基于误差反传(back propagation,BP)神经网络的可听噪声预测的方法。将330 kV单回路三角型线路结构输电线路的可听噪声数据整理分析后建立数据样本,选择影响可听噪声的13个因素作为输入变量,可听噪声值作为输出变量,建立3层结构的BP神经网络预测模型,用数据样本训练和验证预测模型。结果表明,基于BP神经网络的可听噪声预测方法能够较精确地预测可听噪声数据样本中除了输入样本以外的其余样本,可作为超高压输电线路可听噪声预测的一种简单有效的方法。