The Association of Human Herpesviruses with Malignant Brain Tumor Pathology and Therapy: Two Sides of a Coin

The role of certain viruses in malignant brain tumor development remains controversial. Experimental data demonstrate that human herpesviruses (HHVs), particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), are implicated in brain tumor pathology, although their direct role has not yet been proven. CMV is present in most gliomas and medulloblastomas and is known to facilitate oncomodulation and/or immunomodulation, thus promoting cancer cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. EBV and HHV-6 have also been detected in brain tumors and high-grade gliomas, showing high rates of expression and an inflammatory potential. On the other hand, due to the neurotropic nature of HHVs, novel studies have highlighted the engagement of such viruses in the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches in the context of oncolytic viral treatment and vaccine-based strategies against brain tumors. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of recent scientific data concerning the emerging dual role of HHVs in malignant brain pathology, either as potential causative agents or as immunotherapeutic tools in the fight against these devastating diseases.     

Combination of cytomegalovirus enhancer with human cellular promoters for gene-induced chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

High-expression plasmid vectors for human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were constructed by combination of cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer with cellular promoters. MSCs transfected with the vector showed higher transgene production of a cytokine, which increased the differentiation level to chondrocytes.     

Common Mode Voltage Reduction Using 3D-SVPWM for 3-level CI-NPC Inverter with Hybrid Energy System

This paper elucidates Common Mode Voltage (CMV) reduction in transformerless 3-phase 3-level Coupled Inductor Neutral Point (CI-NPC) Clamped Inverter with Hybrid Energy System. The three dimensional Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (3D-SVPWM) with Nearest State Vector (NSV) is implemented to reduce the CMV by proper selection of medium, large and small vectors in 3D cubic space region. This NSV scheme in addition to CMV reduction, reduces the capacitor voltage balancing issues and minimizes switching losses. The proposed control provides full utilization of dc link voltage with reduced harmonics. This 3-level CI-NPC inverter is energized by hybrid energy source which includes photovoltaic system and wind energy system. The results obtained for the proposed scheme through simulation and experimental setup is compared with the conventional 2D-SVPWM and 3D-SVPWM scheme. From the compared results it is evident that the proposed scheme reduces CMV to a larger extent than 2D and 3D-SVPWM control. The simulation and experimental results are verified using matlab-simulink and FPGA-Spartan-6 controller respectively.     

Dynamics of killer T cell inflation in viral infections

Upon acute viral infection, a typical cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is characterized by a phase of expansion and contraction after which it settles at a relatively stable memory level. Recently, experimental data from mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) showed different and unusual dynamics. After acute infection had resolved, some antigen specific CTL started to expand over time despite the fact that no replicative virus was detectable. This phenomenon has been termed as "CTL memory inflation". In order to examine the dynamics of this system further, we developed a mathematical model analysing the impact of innate and adaptive immune responses. According to this model, a potentially important contributor to CTL inflation is competition between the specific CTL response and an innate natural killer (NK) cell response. Inflation occurs most readily if the NK cell response is more efficient than the CTL at reducing virus load during acute infection, but thereafter maintains a chronic virus load which is sufficient to induce CTL proliferation. The model further suggests that weaker NK cell mediated protection can correlate with more pronounced CTL inflation dynamics over time. We present experimental data from mice infected with MCMV which are consistent with the theoretical predictions. This model provides valuable information and may help to explain the inflation of CMV specific CD8+T cells seen in humans as they age.     

拮抗细菌活性蛋白诱导烟草对CMV的抗性研究

从烟田耕作层土样中分离到对CMV有拮抗作用的细菌菌株B6,通过离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析初步确定其活性物质是分子质量大小为40．6kD的蛋白质。活性蛋白诱导后,对烟草叶片的病毒含量、过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性变化进行研究。结果表明,拮抗细菌活性蛋白诱导后烟草叶片内CMV含量明显降低,随着诱导天数的增加病毒的含量呈由多到少再增多的变化趋势,POD,PAL和PPO等细胞防御酶的活性增强。     

巨细胞病毒感染PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立检测巨细胞病毒污染的PCR检测方法,并制备检测试剂盒。方法采用TaqMan探针,选择保守序列CMV-pp65设计引物,荧光定量病毒载量;对试剂盒进行敏感性、重复性和特异性等测试;对31份临床阳性血清标本和106份正常献血者血浆标本进行检测,并与国内同类试剂盒进行比较。结果该试剂盒检测线性定量范围可达202~3.6×109copies/ml,敏感性为360copies/ml,CV值在1%左右,特异性高,临床标本检测的符合率为100%。本试剂盒与国内已上市试剂盒比较,具有较好的相关性、更高的敏感性和更宽的定量检测范围。结论制备的试剂盒特异性和敏感性均较高,适用于临床上的病毒检测。     

转复制酶基因抗病毒烟草的研究

将携带烟草花叶病毒(TMV)54KD蛋白基因和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)3'端缺失0.9kb的复制酶基因片段的植物表达载体pBICT,通过很痛农杆菌311SE系,利用叶圆盘法转化烟草,在含有卡那霉素的选择培养基上诱导生芽、生根,得再生植株53株。移入大田后,选取5株,提取植物总DNA,Southern杂交检测,结果5株中均有复制酶基因的整合,且转基因植株在大田中表现了良好的抗TMV和CMV能力。      

黄瓜花叶病毒辣椒分离株抗性遗传规律的研究

采用4×4完全双列杂交方法研究了辣椒对黄瓜花叶病毒辣椒分离株(CMV-P)抗性的遗传规律,研究结果表 明,辣椒对CMV-P的抗性至少受4对以上核基因控制,具有数量性状遗传特点;抗性的回交效应显著而正反交效应不显著;辣椒对CMV-P的抗性遗传经检验符合“加性——显性”模型,主要受基因的加性效应影响。群体中抗病基因频率高于感病基因频率。通过自交、回交、系统选择可获得抗病性超亲的系统。抗×感组合的F1代很难获得超亲组合,要获得高抗杂交组合需选双亲都高抗的亲本。     

约氏疟原虫Pys25和Pys48抗原的表达与产物活性初步研究

通过家蚕杆状病毒表面展示技术获得约氏疟原虫有性阶段候选抗原Pys25（217AA）和Pys48（455AA）,以期建立一种新的鼠疟模型。首先利用大肠杆菌原核表达系统表达这两种抗原,免疫Balb/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体,同时利用家蚕杆状病毒表面展示技术,并改造pFastBac Dual载体,在其Ph启动子前端加入哺乳动物启动子CMV,并将目的蛋白基因与杆状病毒囊膜蛋白gp64基因片段融合表达,融合蛋白展示在病毒粒子表面。用其免疫Balb/c小鼠,在小鼠体内,CMV启动子启动融合蛋白表达,共同刺激小鼠产生多克隆抗体。通过间接ELISA检测,两种抗原抗体效价均能达到1∶12 800。本实验为后期免疫阻断效应研究、多时期多价疫苗的构建及鼠疫模型的建立提供了实验基础。