植物乳杆菌对黄秋葵泡菜亚硝酸盐含量的影响及其发酵工艺研究

该研究以新鲜黄秋葵为主要原料,探讨植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）发酵对黄秋葵泡菜亚硝酸盐含量的影响,并以亚硝酸盐含量为考察指标,通过单因素试验及响应面试验对其发酵工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,与自然发酵相比,植物乳杆菌发酵制作的黄秋葵泡菜的亚硝酸盐含量（最高达9.78 mg/kg）更低,成熟期更短;植物乳杆菌发酵黄秋葵泡菜的最优发酵工艺为接种量3.5%,发酵温度30 ℃,发酵时间5.5 d,食盐水浓度4.0%,在此优化工艺条件下,黄秋葵泡菜中的亚硝酸盐含量最低,为（2.98±0.02） mg/kg,低于国家腌渍蔬菜亚硝酸盐的限量标准（≤20 mg/kg）,比优化前降低1.21 mg/kg。     

Downward movement of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in a flatland ultisol

Three field trials were conducted in the early and late rainy season on a Piarco Series soil (Aquoxic Tropudults) in Central Trinidad to monitor downward movement of NH ₄ ⁺ -N and NO ₃ ^- -N under flat-tilled and ridge-tilled conditions as affected by mulch application. The first experiment was carried out in the early rainy season under bare-fallowed conditions, while okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) was the test crop used in the two remaining trials, which were conducted during the early and late rainy season periods. The plots were fertilized with urea seven days after crop emergence and 14 days after land preparation for the cropped and bare-fallowed experiments respectively. Soil samples were collected weekly after fertilizer application and analyzed for NH ₄ ⁺ -N, NO ₃ ^- -N and soil water.Urea application increased NH ₄ ⁺ -N levels in the soil and NH ₄ ⁺ -N was the dominant inorganic N form observed for the first four weeks after fertilization. Mulch application decreased NH ₄ ⁺ -N and NO ₃ ^- -N soil levels. Ridging the soil increased downward movement of NH ₄ ⁺ -N and NO ₃ ^- -N. Under bare-fallowed conditions, downward movement of NH ₄ ⁺ -N was noted in the 30 to 45 cm soil layer at seven days after fertilization, while under cropped conditions its movement was restricted to the 15 to 30 cm layer within the same period. In bare-fallowed soil, increased NO ₃ ^- -N and its downward movement was noted after four weeks of fertilization. In the cropped soil, downward movement of NO ₃ ^- -N was observed one week after fertilization in the early rainy season and three weeks after fertilization in the late rainy season.     

Production of lepidimoide by an endophytic fungus from polysaccharide extracted from Abelmoschus sp.: identification of the product and the organism producing it

A highly potent allelopathic factor, lepidimoide, was initially extracted from mucilage of germinated cress seeds. Polysaccharide extracted from okra (Abelmoschus esculentum Moench) is considered to have a similar structure to lepidimoide as its repeating unit. We therefore initiated the screening of enzymes capable of degrading okra polysaccharide into lepidimoide from endophytes. We discovered an endophytic fungal strain AHU9748 isolated from Coleus galeatus, which produced an oligosaccharide having similar properties to lepidimoide on thin layer chromatography. The physico-chemical data from ESI-MS, NMR spectra and other analyses also showed the purified product to be identical to lepidimoide. The strain AHU9748 was identified as a fungus belonging to the coelomycetes, closely related to the genus Colletotrichum, based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of the 18S rDNA and ITS region.     

黄秋葵籽油的研究进展

参考了近5年研究文献,综述了黄秋葵籽油的制备工艺、脂肪酸组成、油用性能及应用情况。实验室提取黄秋葵籽油技术比较成熟,微波、超声波辅助提取可提高产率,不过黄秋葵籽油量产工艺有待加强。黄秋葵籽油中主要含有亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸等多种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸比例合适,接近1∶1∶1的理想模式。黄秋葵籽油中含有丰富的必需脂肪酸和抗氧化物质,具有清除自由基、保护肝脏、修复胃黏膜等功效,具有重要的保健功能和开发价值。黄秋葵籽油性能稳定,抗氧化性强,通过微胶囊化和共轭亚油酸的转化,可以提高其稳定性和抗氧化性。对黄秋葵籽油的研究方向提出了合理的建议。     

响应面法优化黄秋葵多糖提取工艺研究

以黄秋葵为原料,采用响应面法优化黄秋葵多糖的提取工艺参数。在单因素试验的基础上,选定提取温度、提取时间和pH三个主要因素,通过3因素3水平Box-Behnken中心组合试验,建立数学模型,优化黄秋葵多糖的提取工艺。结果表明黄秋葵多糖最佳提取条件为:提取时间2.75 h、提取温度90℃、pH值2.1。在此最佳条件下,黄秋葵多糖的得率为29.77%。     

提取方法对黄秋葵花多糖的结构组成及抗氧化活性的影响

以黄秋葵花为原料,研究热水、酸法、酶法、超声辅助提取工艺对黄秋葵花多糖提取率和样品结构组成等 的影响,在此基础上对4 种多糖抗氧化活性进行了比较分析。结果表明：4 种提取方法所得多糖的提取率大小依次 为：酶法提取（（21.90±0.14）%）＞酸法提取（（15.15±0.07）%）＞热水提取（（12.60±0.28）%）＞超声辅 助提取（（12.02±0.37）%）。经酶法和热水提取的多糖样品分子质量较高且特性黏度较大,而超声提取则显著降 低了多糖的分子质量和特性黏度,同时使多糖分子质量的分布更加均一。4 种多糖的单糖组成成分相同,主要包括 鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸和半乳糖,但单糖的物质的量之比有所不同。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明,得到的4 种 样品都具有多糖的典型傅里叶变换红外光谱特征。对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基清除能力等抗氧化活性的测定结果 表明,4 种多糖具有不同程度的抗氧化活性。其中,以超声辅助提取的多糖抗氧化活性最强。     

秋葵纤维的化学脱胶

为充分利用农业生物资源, 丰富纺织用天然植物纤维, 对秋葵纤维进行化学脱胶的理论探讨和试验研究。通过化学分析,确定了秋葵的化学成分组成。根据组成,采用二煮法和漂煮联合法对秋葵化学脱胶工艺进行初探。研究在碱煮过程中逐次加入助剂JFC、Na2SiO3和尿素对胶质去除的影响,并对脱胶效果进行比较。利用扫描电镜分析脱胶前后纤维纵向结构的变化,并对纤维的拉伸强度进行测试与评价。实验结果表明: 秋葵纤维主要化学成分为50.8%纤维素、20.21%半纤维素和16.66%木质素;漂煮联合是一种有效的脱胶方法;经该法脱胶后的秋葵纤维性能与黄麻工艺纤维性能接近。     

秋葵复合果糕的研制

以秋葵、苹果、山楂为主要原料,通过感官评价和正交试验优化秋葵复合果糕的配方参数和工艺参数。结果表明,秋葵复合果糕的最佳配方参数为:秋葵添加量为25 g、苹果和山楂总添加量为20 g、蔗糖添加量为40 g、复合胶用量为1.6 g,工艺参数为:倒盘冷却温度42℃、烘制温度52℃、烘制时间18 h。     

γ-氨基丁酸对黄秋葵采后品质及生理特性的影响

为研究γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)处理对采后秋葵常温贮藏品质及生理特性的影响,分别用不同浓度(5、10、15 mmol/L)GABA水溶液浸泡黄秋葵3 min,以清水处理为对照,室温下(25℃)贮藏,并定期测定黄秋葵贮藏过程中失重率、叶绿素、V_C含量、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性等生理指标的变化。结果表明,10 mmol/L的GABA处理效果最好,能够明显减缓黄秋葵的采后失水,延缓叶绿素和V_C的降解,能明显提高过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,降低过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性和减少丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的积累。其中贮藏21 d的叶绿素含量比对照组(0.074 mg/g)高出37.49%,V_C含量比对照组(3.61 mg/100 g)提高了69.23%,SOD活性相比对照组(47.05 U/g)提高了30.35%。相关性和主成分分析表明,黄秋葵贮藏时间和失重率、MDA含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与叶绿素含量、V_C含量、CAT活性和POD活性呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);黄秋葵贮藏品质和综合评价指数均随贮藏时间增加而逐渐降低,而不同浓度的GABA处理能延缓黄秋葵贮藏品质的下降。这些结果表明适宜浓度的GABA处理可以延缓黄秋葵果荚的采后衰老,并保持良好的采后品质和营养价值,为GABA的应用及黄秋葵的采后保鲜提供理论依据。