The “Carbonyl Story” and Beyond; Experiences,Lessons and Implications

The complex [^99mTc(OH₂)₃(CO)₃]⁺ has become a versatile building block in radiopharmaceutical chemistry, applied by many groups worldwide. However, despite widespread efforts, only one compound has made it right the way through clinical trials. Along the way from its discovery to its development into an eventual product, the author experienced issues that he would handle differently in retrospect. In this article, these experiences are turned into “lessons” that might be helpful for young researchers finding themselves in similar situations. Beside issues with patenting and company strategies, the carbonyl story has provided scientific implications beyond its own story, and insights from which any future ^99mTc-based chemistry for radiopharmacy or molecular imaging might benefit.     

Disparities in exploitative and exploratory patenting performance across regions: Focusing on the roles of agglomeration externalities

We try to identify the determinants of regional variation in both exploitative and exploratory innovative competencies. Hereby, we focus on how a knowledge-creation mechanism with specialized externalities differs from one with diversified externalities. Innovative competence in the US is measured by local patenting performance; exploitative and exploratory patenting performances are distinguished by the degree of backward citation. Based on the extended knowledge-production function, including the two agglomeration externalities, our findings show that specialized externalities are associated with exploitation, while diversified externalities are positively related with both exploration and exploitation, regardless of industrial sectors.     

高碳钢钢丝在铅浴和CMC水溶液中的冷却行为

利用钢丝探头分别测量了含碳0.70%的钢丝在铅浴和CMC水溶液中的冷却过程。用冷却曲线分析法阐释了钢丝的冷却过程和相变规律。钢丝的“体积效应”和在其冷却介质中的热扩散能力共同决定了铅浴淬火过程及钢丝的相变过程。高碳钢钢丝在0.25%CMC水溶液中可完全转变为珠光体组织,但其转变温度由于其连续冷却转变特性而高于在铅浴中的转变温度。根据铅浴淬火的冷却本质和CMC水溶液的冷却特性,用于替代铅浴的淬火介质应设法加快初始阶段冷却速率。     

一种新型铅液覆盖法在铅浴炉上的应用

介绍一种以工业煤渣为主要载体的铅液覆盖剂在铅浴炉上的试验与使用情况 ,对该覆盖剂的应用方法及应用特点作了说明。结果显示这种方法可降低生产成本 ,提高产品质量 ,改善劳动环境     

Small Worlds in Networks of Inventors and the Role of Academics: An Analysis of France

Using data on patent applications at the European Patent Office, we examine the structural properties of networks of inventors in France in different technologies. We find that the higher the presence of inventors from universities and public research organizations (PROs), the more likely the networks are to exhibit small world properties. University and PRO inventors contribute to reduce average path length insofar they are more mobile (across applicants) than other inventors, thus linking up otherwise disconnected cliques. We achieve these results by implementing an original methodology for detecting small world properties in one-mode projections of two-mode graphs.     

碳素钢丝铅淬火抗拉强度影响因素分析

碳素钢丝铅淬火过程中,影响钢丝铅淬火后抗拉强度的因素较多。除化学成分外,较快的钢丝加热速度和较高的线温,有利于钢丝获得较高的铅淬火后抗拉强度;调整铅液与进入铅液钢丝的温差,可以得到适宜的过冷度,保证钢丝的冷却速度;在工艺规定范围内,收线线速度的适量降低会提高钢丝铅淬火后抗拉强度;不同原始组织的钢丝铅淬火后抗拉强度存在差异;安装热电偶时,铅液测温点一般在距马弗炉出口1.5～1.8m处,插入深度在钢丝运行平面向上提高约10 mm;铅液的热平衡状态对钢丝索氏体化质量也有重要影响。     

Reverse innovation,international patenting and economic inertia: Constraints to appropriating the benefits of technological innovation

In this paper we compare the role of outward-bound international patenting in “reverse innovation” and in conventional international modes of innovation. Through analysis of panel data from 148 countries over 18 years we reveal that, while all countries may in principle appropriate economic benefits from endogenous technological innovation by increasing their level of outward-bound international patenting, the ability of a country to do so may be hampered by the pre-existing level of its economy. We classify countries in to four strategic innovation quadrants—Slow Movers, Traders, Inventors and Cosmopolitans—based on the relative change over time in their competitiveness in international patenting and their per capita wealth. The mix of wealthy countries and less wealthy countries varies greatly between quadrants, with the wealthy countries dominating the Cosmopolitans quadrant and the less wealthy countries dominating the Slow Movers quadrant. We conclude that, for lower income countries to improve their success in appropriating the benefits of reverse innovation, innovators and would-be innovators based in those countries need to develop sophistication and prowess in international patenting strategy and intellectual property management tailored to the unique conditions of each country.     

马弗式铅淬火连续炉测温试验及分析

在马弗式铅淬火连续炉对碳素弹簧钢丝热处理过程中,加热段温度的均匀性直接决定钢丝热处理的合格与否。采用铠装热电偶以及无纸温度记录仪等仪器对东北某钢厂的马弗式铅淬火连续炉的不同截面进行了测温试验,试验结果表明:整个炉腔的温度均匀性不足;控制室内控温电偶的温度已经不能够准确反映炉膛内的实际温度,炉温控制反馈系统需要改进。     

On the Consequences of Patenting University Research: Lessons from a Survey of French Academic Inventors

This paper focuses on the consequences of patenting university research. It presents the results of a survey on 280 French academic inventors, that is, French university professors who are also designated as inventors in at least one European patent. This survey provides new insights into the effect of university patenting on the commercialization of university inventions, the transfer of scientific research, the incentives to do basic research and the access to upstream knowledge. In particular, the study suggests that patenting university research can, on the one hand, facilitate the transfer of technology from university to industry, especially in the fields of life sciences and pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, it almost systematically delays the publication of research findings, thus hindering the dissemination of scientific knowledge.     

Re-examining the proprietary software protection issue in the U.S.A. for the 1980s

Recent developments in statutory and case law in the USA now make it possible to protect by copyright, proprietary computer programs from unauthorized copying provided that the copyright-holding party attempts to display the copyright notice publicly. Considerable progress has been made toward patentable computer software, but the issue of whether a computer program itself may be patented still remains unresolved. The Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) and the Court of Customs and Appeals (CCPA) have agreed that the application of a computer program, containing a mathematical algorithm, in a process may constitute patentible subject matter. The cases pertaining to copyrightable and patentable software together with an explanation of the wording of the new Section 117 of the 1976 Copyright Act are shown in the Appendixes to the article. The paper presents the issues pertaining to copyright and patent protection of computer software and some relevant cases for each issue. It concludes with a discussion of unresolved questions in protecting proprietary software.