车载尾气检测技术及相关研究综述

车载尾气检测技术的出现和发展为机动车尾气相关研究提供了一种新方法,此方法具有已往一些检测手段所没有的便捷、实时、数据量大等优点.目前,利用车载尾气检测技术的主要研究领域包括基于实时数据的尾气量化模型开发、各种车辆的微观排放特性分析及尾气排放时空分布规律分析等.介绍了车载尾气检测技术,分析了应用此技术所做的研究和取得的成果,可为中国车载尾气检测技术研究的发展提供参考.     

CNG-电混动公交车道路行驶工况与排放特性研究

CNG-电公交车以天然气作为发动机燃料,辅以电机共同驱动的混合动力车辆,车辆行驶速度低、启动频繁等特性,发动机实际运行工况与型式检验工况具有较大差异。为研究其实际行驶工况与排放特性,选取4辆国V排放标准的CNG-电混合动力公交车,往返于市区与城郊,使用PEMS(portable emission measurement system)实时收集车辆行驶及NO_X排放数据。结果表明,发动机运行工况集中于中低功率段,与型式检验工况差异较大,污染物排放集中于发动机切入车辆传动系统的临界车速附近。     

等离子增强磁控溅射沉积Ti(Al)基纳米复合涂层在铸铝模具上的应用

采用等离子增强磁控溅射技术在H13钢表面制备了TiSiCN、TiSiCON、TiAlSiCN、TiAlSiCON纳米复合涂层,使用扫描电子显微镜,原子力显微镜,X射线衍射仪等研究了涂层的组织和性能,主要讨论了Al、O元素对涂层的显微组织、表面能和高温稳定性的影响。试验结果显示:O元素的加入使涂层致密度降低、表面变得粗糙且产生了少量的柱状组织,但它的加入可以降低涂层的表面能;Al元素的加入能显著降低涂层的表面能,并能提高涂层的耐高温性能。这是因为涂层在高温下没有发生分解,且Al元素在高温下形成致密的氧化膜,阻止了涂层进一步氧化。低表面能、好的耐高温性能是便于铸铝模具脱模,延长其工作寿命最有效的性能指标。     

基于PEMS测量的SSCR系统整车道路排放测试研究

基于车载排放测试系统进行SSCR系统国Ⅴ重型柴油车实际道路排放测试研究。SSCR后处理系统使用前后整车NO_x排放特征的比较显示:对比原NO_x排放,在市区工况下,SSCR系统可降低61.3%的NO_x排放,在高速工况下可以降低85.3%的NO_x排放。测试研究表明:安装有SS-CR系统的国Ⅴ重型柴油车在实际道路工况下NO_x排放符合国ⅤPEMS标准(送审稿)。     

基于车载排放法商用车排放影响因素研究

为研究商用车实际道路排放试验的影响因素,基于便携式排放测量系统(portable emission measurement system,PEMS)测试技术,进行多组车载排放试验。通过试验数据定性分析试验工况、整车速比、整车载荷、试验海拔等对整车PEMS测试结果的影响。研究表明,整车变速箱、后桥配置存在最佳速比匹配区间,稳定的驾驶工况有利于整车排放,高海拔地区排放变差,且高负荷工况恶化严重,整车载荷、空气湿度与排放结果呈负相关。并从排放检测试验过程、整车配置、整车ECU数据等方面对试验数据进行分析,确定试验条件变化影响整车后处理转化效率和发动机燃烧性能,导致发动机排放性能变化。     

Numerical model of on-road emission rates of diesel buses in Beijing

A total of 14 in-use diesel buses were selected to conduct emission measurement using a portable emissions measurement system(PEMS)in Beijing.Their instantaneous gaseous emission rates,particular matter(PM)emission rates and driving parameters were obtained.The influences of speed,acceleration and vehicle specific power(VSP)on emissions were analyzed.Based on the relationships between these driving parameters and emissions,24 driving bins defined by speed,acceleration and VSP were constructed with cluster analysis to group emission rates for Euro Ⅲ and Ⅳ buses,respectively.Then the emissions reductions from Euro Ⅲ to Euro Ⅳ diesel buses were analyzed.Lastly,on-road hot-stabilized emission rate model for diesel buses in Beijing was developed.Through the comparison of the model simulation emission rates with the measured emission rates,the modeled emission results were in good agreement with the measured emission results.In most of the cases,the differences were less than 12%.     

Investigation and Simulation of CNG Bus Emissions Based on Real-World Emission Measurement

The regulated gaseous emissions from 2 China-V compressed natural gas (CNG) buses and 2 China-V diesel buses were investigated using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) under real road driving conditions. Compared to diesel buses, CNG buses emit less NOx pollutants, but more HC and CO pollutants based on the test results obtained in this paper. In order to evaluate the pollutant emission status of CNG buses in Beijing, an instantaneous emission model as a function of vehicle speed and vehicle specific power (VSP) was developed and validated based on emission data taken from one CNG bus. The input of the instantaneous emission model consists of driving cycle, vehicle parameters, road conditions, ambient conditions and accessory use, all of which were used to calculate the instantaneous vehicle specific power (VSP). For the core model, a group of pollutant emission maps represented as functions of vehicle speed and VSP were used to calculate the second by second emission rates. Finally, the instantaneous emission rates, emission factors and fuel consumption over the selected driving cycle could be obtained as the model outputs. The predicted results for the emissions and fuel consumption of the CNG bus were very close to the tested emission data. The prediction errors for emission factors and fuel consumption varied in the range of -1.62% to -5.8%.     

Case studies of defect localization based on software-based fault diagnosis in comparison with PEMS/OBIRCH analysis

This study verifies the accuracy of failure localization by a software-based fault diagnosis technique through comparison of the failure localization by photo emission microscope (PEMS) analysis and optical beam induced resistance change (OBIRCH) analysis. To evaluate, the software-based fault diagnosis technique was applied to 14 samples of 0.18 μm-process-node products that failed mainly due to the metal line shorts. We found that this technique was able to accurately localize the failure with a high probability (85.7%). One reason, the diagnosis returned inaccurate results is the influence of the metal line short expanding to several nets in the device simultaneously due to shorts of upper and lower metal lines. The other reason is that the fail log of the failed device itself was inaccurate due to (1) the resistance value at the short point, (2) the driving force of the cells related by the shorted points, and (3) the transition timing. We determined from our study that the rank of score calculation depends more on the mismatch rate of pass patterns than on the match rate of fail patterns. When the mismatch rate of pass patterns is less than 0.04 and the score is more than 70, the software-based fault diagnosis result is reliable. Although software-based fault diagnosis is a powerful tool for failure localization, it is necessary to combine it with hardware techniques such as PEMS analysis and OBIRCH analysis to maintain the accuracy of failure localization.     

On-board gaseous emissions of LPG taxis and estimation of taxi fleet emissions

Instantaneous CO, NO, and HC emissions and exhaust flow rates from four LPG taxis, which adhered to Euro 2-4 emission standards, were measured using a sophisticated portable emission measurement system (PEMS). Instantaneous air/fuel ratios, emission rates, and emission factors at different operating modes were derived to explore the emission characteristics of these four taxis. Results show that gaseous emissions from these four taxis exceed emission standards, due to extended vehicle use and poor maintenance. NO emissions from newer taxis are lower whilst CO and HC emissions of the Euro 4 taxi are similar to those of Euro 2 taxis during idling and low speed travel. The taxis emit lower amounts of gaseous pollutants whilst idling and emit the highest amounts of CO and NO whilst accelerating. Large fluctuations in air/fuel ratios can be observed from the Euro 4 taxi during idling, indicating a malfunction of fuel supply control to the engine. Such fluctuations are not observed from the other taxis. This shows that a Euro 4 taxi is not necessarily cleaner than a Euro 3 taxi. Emission factors derived from on-board measurements are applied to estimate gaseous emissions from the taxi fleet; these results show that emissions are higher during peak hour traffic conditions. An estimate of the taxi fleet's emissions whilst the older taxis are replaced is also calculated. It can be seen that faster replacement of older taxis can lead to reductions in gaseous emissions from the taxi fleet. This study shows that the PEMS is an adequate tool for measuring emissions from LPG vehicles and that there is an urgent need to enforce emission standards on taxis. This study also shows that on-board measurements should be incorporated in the estimation of emissions from other vehicle types. This would result in better emission estimations under local traffic conditions.