Integrating Variable Reduction Strategy With Evolutionary Algorithms for Solving Nonlinear Equations Systems

Nonlinear equations systems (NESs) are widely used in real-world problems and they are difficult to solve due to their nonlinearity and multiple roots. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are one of the methods for solving NESs, given their global search capabilities and ability to locate multiple roots of a NES simultaneously within one run. Currently, the majority of research on using EAs to solve NESs focuses on transformation techniques and improving the performance of the used EAs. By contrast, problem domain knowledge of NESs is investigated in this study, where we propose the incorporation of a variable reduction strategy (VRS) into EAs to solve NESs. The VRS makes full use of the systems of expressing a NES and uses some variables (i.e., core variable) to represent other variables (i.e., reduced variables) through variable relationships that exist in the equation systems. It enables the reduction of partial variables and equations and shrinks the decision space, thereby reducing the complexity of the problem and improving the search efficiency of the EAs. To test the effectiveness of VRS in dealing with NESs, this paper mainly integrates the VRS into two existing state-of-the-art EA methods (i.e., MONES and DR-JADE) according to the integration framework of the VRS and EA, respectively. Experimental results show that, with the assistance of the VRS, the EA methods can produce better results than the original methods and other compared methods. Furthermore, extensive experiments regarding the influence of different reduction schemes and EAs substantiate that a better EA for solving a NES with more reduced variables tends to provide better performance.      

激光淬火对高速动车组EA4T车轴钢组织和性能的影响

为提高EA4T车轴钢的表面硬度和耐磨性能,采用激光淬火对调质态车轴进行表面改性。利用扫描电镜、显微硬度计、纳米压痕仪等对激光淬火层的微观组织、相变层深度和硬度进行了详细的表征。结果表明:EA4T车轴钢表面经过不同工艺激光淬火后,相变层内的淬火组织主要由细小的板条马氏体和粒状贝氏体组成,其深度根据工艺不同从100 μm到800 μm不等,并呈现随淬火功率的增加和扫描速度减小,相变层深度逐渐增加的趋势。淬火相变层区域内,车轴钢的显微硬度基本保持在450 HV0.2左右,约为基体硬度的2倍,耐磨性显著提高。由于淬火道次之间搭接的原因,淬火层呈现波形分布,其中波谷马氏体含量高于波峰位置,因此其硬度明显高于波峰处。     

回火温度对EA4T车轴钢显微组织及力学性能的影响

采用不同的回火温度(500、550、600和650 ℃)对EA4T车轴用钢进行调质热处理,使用OM、SEM、拉伸试验及冲击试验等测试分析了材料的显微组织和力学性能,研究了回火温度对EA4T钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,回火组织转变为回火索氏体,EA4T钢强度有所降低,韧性及塑性提高。当回火温度升高至600 ℃以上时,EA4T钢的冲击断口形貌呈韧窝状。回火处理后,EA4T钢抗拉强度与硬度的经验公式为:R_m=2.9477V+45.59。     

基于同一外延层结构的10Gb/s单片集成光发射模块

利用同一外延层集成工艺方法制作了10Gb/s电吸收调制器/分布反馈(DFB)半导体激光器单片集成光发射模块.在器件中引入增益耦合机制以提高单模成品率,并采用感应耦合等离子体干法刻蚀技术以降低调制器电容.集成器件阈值电流为12mA,在-2V偏置时的消光比为15dB,器件的小信号调制带宽超过10GHz.在10Gb/s调制速率下经过35km单模光纤传输后,误码率为10-12时的功率代价小于1dB.     

EA4T钢冷却过程中脉冲电流对组织与性能的影响

针对EA4T钢车轴淬火过程中心部会析出大量大尺寸先共析铁素体的问题,采用脉冲电流辅助加热方法,研究冷却过程中脉冲电流与先共析铁素体析出的关系。EA4T钢试样加热至900℃保温20min后,以25℃/min冷速冷却,并在冷却过程中通入一定参数的脉冲电流。结果表明,由于脉冲电流辅助加热的热效应,推迟了相变过程中先共析铁素体在奥氏体晶界处的析出。与未通脉冲电流的试样相比,先共析铁素体的含量降低,尺寸减小,试样的强度、伸长率及冲击值有所提高。     

On the usefulness of guidelines and instructions for environmental assessment – a qualitative study of the helpfulness perceived by Polish practitioners

Guidelines and instructions for Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment (together referred to as EA here) are developed to improve the quality of legal requirements’ implementation and to support EA procedure accomplishment. However, to date, it has not been checked whether they are useful for practitioners. Therefore, the aim of the study underlying this paper was to verify, based on the experience of Polish EA experts, whether guidelines and instructions are useful in their everyday work. A qualitative study comprising of a questionnaire survey and interviews tested whether (1) EA practitioners know and use the Polish and EU guidelines, (2) how EA practitioners evaluate the validity and usefulness of such instructions, and (3) in which areas there is a lack of instructions and guidelines. The results show a low level of knowledge of national and EU handbooks. Those guidelines focusing on legal procedures, road investments and designing animal passageways are considered to be the most useful. Moreover, practitioners indicate that EU guidelines should be translated into Polish. Most important for practitioners is the linking of guidelines with the EA procedure, so that they can become a platform for dialogue of all stakeholders.     

EA-MMA共聚乳液合成工艺及优化

以丙烯酸乙酯(EA)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为共聚单体、过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)为复合乳化剂,采用乳液聚合法合成出一种稳定的EA-MMA乳液。通过单因素试验法考察了乳化剂浓度、引发剂浓度、反应温度和反应时间等因素对乳液平均粒径和单体转化率的影响,并采用正交试验法进一步优选出制备EA-MMA乳液的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:当w(乳化剂)=2.0%、w(引发剂)=0.60%、反应时间为4 h和反应温度为80℃时,制成的EA-MMA乳液较稳定,并且单体转化率相对最高。     

热处理工艺对EA4T钢车轴组织与性能的影响

研究了不同热处理工艺对EA4T钢车轴组织与性能的影响,并对其组织与性能关系进行了讨论。结果表明,采用优化的预处理工艺,可提高车轴组织均匀性,细化晶粒,有利于减少铁素体含量,提高车轴力学性能,使调质后的车轴得到良好的综合性能。     

EA4T车轴钢中斑点状偏析的原因分析

采用宏观检验、化学成分分析、金相检验、工艺分析以及炉数统计等手段对EA4T车轴钢中存在斑点状偏析的原因进行了分析。结果表明:该斑点状偏析为合金成分正偏析,原料粒度、模温、钢液过热度以及钢锭锥度等冶炼参数不合理是主导因素。