粮食真菌毒素污染的预防与脱毒

粮食真菌毒素的预防包括预防粮食作物田间生长及收获后储藏过程中毒素的生物合成及代谢。真菌毒素的脱毒主要指除去、破坏及减少毒素作用的收获后处理。田间及储藏中没能有效控制真菌毒素的合成必将导致对人类健康的危害及经济损失，而有效的监控将避免真菌毒素成为威胁人类健康的污染源。应用综合预防措施将是控制真菌毒素的有效策略。本文强调的收获前后措施将依特别年份的特定的气候条件而定。弄清适于真菌污染、生长和产毒环境因素是有效控制食物及饲料中真菌毒素的关键措施。有很多新的有效的收获前预防策略正在开发，如利用转基因技术创造粮食作物抗性新品种及利用非产毒真菌菌株生物防治等。收获后的防止真菌毒素产生主要依赖于收获前后的良好的管理措施。脱毒策略可分为物理、化学或微生物脱毒技术，这些脱毒技术主要通过破坏、修饰或吸附真菌毒素，从而达到减少或消除毒素作用。

Prevention and Detoxification of Mycotoxins in Cereal

Prevention of mycotoxins in cereal encompasses prevention of toxin biosynthesis and metabolism in the field or instorage.Mycotoxin detoxification refers to post-harvest treatments to remove,destroy,or reduce the toxin effects.Failure toprevent mytoxin formation in the field or in storage inevitably will lead to an increased health risk and economic loss.However,successful monitoring should prevent mycotoxin from vecoming a significant source of increased health risk.An integrated multi-pronged approach is the preferred strategy for controlling mycotoxin contamination.The pr-harvest or post-harvest strategythat should be emphasized will be dependent on the climatic conditios of that particular year.Understanding the environmentalfactors that promote infection,growth ,and toxin production is the first step towards an effective plan to minimize mycotoxinsin foods and feeds.There are many new and exciting pre-harvest prevention strategies being esplored that involve production ofgenetically engineered resistant cereal.Biocontrals using non-toxigenic biocompetitive agents is also a potentially useful strategyin cereal.Post-harvest prevention of mycotoxin production is primarily dependent on good management practicesbefore harvestand after harvest detoxification strategies that are physical,chemical,or microbiological can detoxify cereal by destroying,modifying,absorbing the mycotoxin so as to reduce or eliminate the toxic effects.