乙酰化脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染、毒性及转化研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）俗称呕吐毒素，是禾谷镰刀菌等真菌产生的次级代谢产物，是谷物原料及其制品中最常见的污染物之一。DON的产生往往伴随其主要乙酰化衍生物3-乙酰基-DON和15-乙酰基-DON的产生，这些衍生物表现出与DON相似甚至更强的毒性，因而增加了谷物及其制品的食用安全风险。本文简述了DON乙酰化衍生物的产生、检测技术及污染现状，重点分析了DON乙酰化衍生物的毒性及转化研究进展，以期为粮食中DON乙酰化衍生物的降解和防控研究提供理论参考。     

呕吐毒素的食品污染、吸收代谢及肠道毒性研究进展

呕吐毒素又名脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）,是食品中污染最广泛的单端孢霉烯族化合物,且这类化合物是致吐和厌食毒性最强的真菌毒素。DON由镰刀菌产生,对动物和人体的肠道系统、免疫系统、神经系统、肝、肾、脾等器官和组织产生毒性,具有较强的细胞毒性,其中肠道为其毒性作用的第一道屏障。本文综述DON的食品污染特性、吸收代谢及不同研究模型的肠道毒性,并针对其易转化的特点,总结DON衍生物的肠道毒性,为今后DON及其衍生物的毒理学研究提供参考。     

谷物类食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）及其衍生物的研究现状

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）是由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物过程中产生的一种有毒次级代谢产物,广泛分布于谷物及其相关制品中,给世界粮食产业造成巨大经济损失,也给人类健康带来重大威胁。DON在植物、微生物作用下会转化形成各种衍生物,且这些衍生物可与DON原型同时存在,增加了谷物及相关制品的安全风险。本文对DON的理化性质、影响产生的因素及其衍生物类型进行了讨论,并重点阐述了DON及其衍生物的污染状况以及在食品加工过程中的变化等方面的研究进展,以期为谷物及其制品中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇与人类健康

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)主要由禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)和黄色镰刀菌(F. culmorum)产生,是一种有很强细胞毒性、胚胎毒性、一定致畸性、弱致癌性,并且影响免疫系统的真菌毒素,严重污染粮谷类食品和饲料,人畜食用被其污染的粮谷后,严重危害健康.就DON的产生、特性、对粮谷类食品的污染、及其危险性分析等方面进行了综述.     

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品加工工艺对其脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及衍生物影响

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物过程中产生的一种有毒次级代谢产物,主要污染小麦、大麦、燕麦、黑麦和玉米等谷物。DON在植物和微生物作用下会转化形成各种衍生物,且这些衍生物可与DON原型同时存在,增加了谷物及其相关制品的安全风险。谷类辅食是婴幼儿膳食中的重要组成部分,且婴幼儿对毒素的敏感性更强,应严格限制DON及其衍生物在谷类辅食中被检出。已有研究表明谷物类食品的制作加工方式会对DON及其衍生物的含量水平产生影响,但专门针对婴幼儿消费人群的谷类辅助食品的加工过程如何影响DON及其衍生物水平还鲜有报道。目前婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中DON及其衍生物含量存在超标问题,严重影响婴幼儿这类特殊人群的生长发育和健康。本文从婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON及其衍生物的污染状况及其在加工过程中的含量变化等方面进行较为详细的阐述,以期为婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。     

小麦中呕吐毒素研究进展

小麦是全球三大谷物之一。由镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是我国最主要的小麦病害之一,能造成小麦严重减产、品质下降,而且镰刀菌还能产生多种真菌毒素,进一步危害小麦及其制品的质量安全,其中,呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol, DON)是小麦中检出率最高、危害最严重的真菌毒素之一,已成为关系小麦及其制品食用安全的重要问题。DON在小麦等谷物及其制品中的污染和防控是全球面临的严峻挑战,对DON进行定期检测和污染分析,研究高效、安全的降解技术,确保消费者安全,已成为目前世界各国政府和公众广泛关注和高度重视的热点问题。本文综述了DON的理化性质及毒性、影响产生的因素、污染现状及防控与脱毒方面的研究进展情况,以期为小麦中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。     

2019年中国四省小麦中12种真菌毒素污染情况调查

目的 调查分析2019年中国4个小麦主产省生产的小麦中12种真菌毒素的污染情况。方法 从河南、河北、安徽和山东4省采集2019年产小麦样品289份,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定8种镰刀菌毒素和4种黄曲霉毒素共计12种真菌毒素含量,并对其进行分析。结果 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)是小麦样品中污染的主要真菌毒素,其污染率与平均污染水平分别为95.5% (276/289)和135.9 μg/kg;DON 的乙酰化衍生物15-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Ac-DON)和3-乙酰基-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Ac-DON)的污染率和平均污染水平分别为37.4% (108/289)、4.4 μg/kg和36.7% (106/289)、5.2 μg/kg;4种黄曲霉毒素和其他5种镰刀菌毒素污染率和平均污染水平均较低。4省小麦中12种真菌毒素污染情况差异不显著。289份小麦样品中,59.9%(173/289)的样品被2种或2种以上真菌毒素协同污染,其中DON及其衍生物15-Ac-DON和/或3-Ac-DON为常见协同污染毒素组合。结论 DON是我国小麦中污染的主要真菌毒素,且存在与其衍生物3-Ac-DON 和/或15-Ac-DON的协同污染,黄曲霉毒素及其他镰刀菌毒素污染水平较低。建议对我国小麦中以DON及其衍生物为主的镰刀菌毒素污染水平进行持续监测。     

河北地区谷物及谷物制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染水平调查与分析

目的为了解河北地区谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及其衍生物污染状况,对河北地区31份婴幼儿谷类辅食、112份燕麦及其制品和293份小麦粉中DON及其衍生物污染状况进行研究。方法采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果婴幼儿谷类辅食检出率为93.5%(29/31),燕麦及其制品检出率为8.9%(10/112),小麦粉样品检出率为99.7%(292/293)。结论检测数据表明,含有小麦粉的婴幼儿谷物辅食及燕麦制品污染较为严重,且小麦粉样品中DON的阳性检出率为99.7%,由此可见,小麦粉很容易受DON污染。在此次检测的436份样品中,阳性样品最大值为878.4μg/kg,所有样品DON含量均低于我国谷物食品中的限量标准,由于我国缺乏婴幼儿辅食中DON的限量规定,其污染状况值得引起关注。     

谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物的检测及污染规律分析

采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术建立测定小麦粉、挂面、玉米糁、大米等谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷(deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside,D3G)、3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyldeoxynivalenol,3ADON)及15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyldeoxynivalenol,15ADON)的检测方法,并对各种粮食中的污染情况进行调查。样品采用乙腈提取,正己烷除脂和固相萃取柱净化后,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测,外标法定量。方法均经过优化和验证,满足谷物及其制品的检测要求。分析96份谷物及其制品中4种真菌毒素的污染规律,结果表明,15ADON无检出,只有1个样品检出3ADON,DON和D3G均有不同程度的检出,DON检出率大于D3G,其中在挂面中的含量最高。D3G与DON的含量呈正相关,D3G/DON在30%左右,且不同谷物种类主要污染的毒素种类均以DON为主,其中挂面的污染最为严重。     

粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检测方法研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）具有免疫毒性、器官毒性、蛋白质合成抑制和致畸性。粮食在不当的储藏条件下,容易受真菌污染而产生DON,DON被人体或动物摄入后,会引起严重的健康问题。DON性质稳定,在加工过程中难以被破坏和除去,是粮食生产加工过程中的重要安全隐患。我国粮食中DON含量超标问题突出,因此,准确、高效的DON检测方法对保障粮食安全,保证人体安全健康至关重要。该研究总结了近年来粮食中DON的主要检测方法,主要包括薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱-质谱法、酶联免疫法、侧流免疫层析法、光谱法、电化学法和表面等离子共振法等。通过探讨这些检测方法的优缺点,对各种方法进行了对比和总结,并对DON检测方法的发展趋势进行展望,为开发新型的检测方法提供理论支持,有利于推动准确快速检测方法在粮食安全检测中的应用。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的前处理及检测方法研究进展

小麦和谷物制品作为我国餐桌上的主要饮食,常受到各种真菌的污染并产生毒素.尤其是脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON),属B型单端孢霉烯族化合物,主要由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物或者贮存的过程中产生,温润的环境更促使DON的产生,具有细胞毒性和致癌性,影响人和动物的健康.目前从国家市场监督管理网站等...     

The Fate of Mycotoxins During the Processing of Wheat for Human Consumption

Mycotoxins are a potential health threat in cereals including wheat. In the European Union (EU), mycotoxin maximum levels are laid down for cereal raw materials and final food products. For wheat and wheat‐based products, the EU maximum levels apply to deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone, aflatoxins, and ochratoxin A. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins and their legal limits and on how processing of wheat can affect such contaminants, from raw material to highly processed final products, based on relevant scientific studies published in the literature. The potential compliance with EU maximum levels is discussed. Of the four mycotoxins regulated in wheat‐based foods in the EU, most data are available for DON, whereas aflatoxins were rarely studied in the processing of wheat. Furthermore, available data on the effect of processing are outlined for mycotoxins not regulated by EU law—including modified and emerging mycotoxins—and which cover DON derivatives (DON‐3‐glucoside, mono‐acetyl‐DONs, norDONs, deepoxy‐DON), nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins, enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, and fumonisins. The processing steps addressed in this review cover primary processing (premilling and milling operations) and secondary processing procedures (such as fermentation and thermal treatments). A special focus is on the production of baked goods, and processing factors for DON in wheat bread production were estimated. For wheat milling products derived from the endosperm and for white bread, compliance with legal requirements seems to be mostly achievable when applying good practices. In the case of wholemeal products, bran‐enriched products, or high‐cereal low‐moisture bakery products, this appears to be challenging and improved technology and/or selection of high‐quality raw materials would be required.     

Stability of DON and DON-3-glucoside during baking as affected by the presence of food additives

The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins of cereals worldwide, and its occurrence has been widely reported in raw wheat. The free mycotoxin form is not the only route of exposure; modified forms can also be present in cereal products. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside) is a common DON plant conjugate. The mycotoxin concentration could be affected by food processing; here, we studied the stability of DON and DON-3-glucoside during baking of small doughs made from white wheat flour and other ingredients. A range of common food additives and ingredients were added to assess possible interference: ascorbic acid (E300), citric acid (E330), sorbic acid (E200), calcium propionate (E282), lecithin (E322), diacetyltartaric acid esters of fatty acid mono- and diglycerides (E472a), calcium phosphate (E341), disodium diphosphate (E450i), xanthan gum (E415), polydextrose (E1200), sorbitol (E420i), sodium bicarbonate (E500i), wheat gluten and malt flour. The DON content was reduced by 40%, and the DON-3-glucoside concentration increased by >100%, after baking for 20 min at 180°C. This confirmed that DON and DON-3-glucoside concentrations can vary during heating, and DON-3-glucoside could even increase after baking. However, DON and DON-3-glucoside are not affected significantly by the presence of the food additives tested.     

The prevalence of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in the spring wheat grain from different agricultural production systems in Lithuania

Deoxynivalenol (DON) together with two acetylated derivatives, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) occurs in cereal grains and their products. Co-occurrence of DON and acetylated derivatives in cereal grain is detected worldwide. Until now, DON and its derivatives have been considered equally toxic by health authorities. In this study, we analysed 103 samples of spring wheat grain, originating from the fields of different production systems in Lithuania, for the co-occurrence of type-B trichothecenes (DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON). The samples were classified according to the production system—organic, sustainable and intensive. Mycotoxin levels in the spring wheat grain samples were determined by the HPLC method with UV detection. The type-B trichothecenes were found to be present at higher concentrations in the grain from the intensive production system. Eighty-one percent of the spring wheat grain samples from the intensive production system were co-contaminated with a combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON, 1% with DON+3-ADON. Additionally, DON+15-ADON and DON were found in 5% and 10% of the tested samples, respectively. Two percent of the samples were free from mycotoxins. In the grain samples from the sustainable production system, DON and a combination of DON+3-ADON showed a higher incidence – 47% and 23%, respectively. The samples with a combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON accounted for 18%. Completely different results were obtained from the analyses of organic grain samples. A large number of the organic spring wheat grain samples were contaminated with DON+3-ADON (55%) or DON (36%). The combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON was not present, while DON+15-ADON was present in 9% of the samples tested. The production systems did not lead to significant differences in mycotoxin levels, although a trend toward higher incidence and higher contamination was observed for the samples from the intensive and sustainable production systems.     

Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody that cross-reacts with the mycotoxins nivalenol and 4-deoxynivalenol.

Nivalenol is a mycotoxin produced by certain fungi that are pathogenic to important cereal crops, in particular maize, wheat, and barley. This toxin, 3alpha,4beta,7alpha,15-tetrahydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one, is found worldwide and is closely related to 4-deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin), a mycotoxin associated with outbreaks of Fusarium head blight in North America. The literature on the toxicity of nivalenol suggests it is similar, if not more toxic, than DON. Despite the development of rapid immunologically based assays for detecting DON, such assays have not existed for detecting nivalenol without chemical modification of the analyte. This paper describes the development of a monoclonal antibody using a nivalenol-glycine protein conjugate. The monoclonal antibody was most specific for an acetylated form of DON (3-Ac-DON), but it exhibited sensitivity and cross-reactivity that were useful for detecting nivalenol and DON at relevant levels without the need to modify either toxin chemically. In an competitive indirect ELISA format, the concentrations of toxins able to inhibit colour development by 50% (IC50) were 1.7, 15.8, 27.5, 68.9, and 1740 ng ml(-1) for the mycotoxins 3-Ac-DON, DON, nivalenol, 15-Ac-DON, and fusarenon-X, respectively. The antibody was also used to develop a competitive direct ELISA for DON and nivalenol, with IC50's of 16.5 ng ml(-1) (DON) and 33.4 ng ml(-1) (nivalenol). These assays are capable of detecting both DON and nivalenol simultaneously, a property that may be useful in regions where these toxins co-occur or in formats, such as immunoaffinity columns, where co-isolation of both toxins is desirable.     

Distribution of Fusarium mycotoxins in UK wheat mill fractions

The EU has set maximum limits for the Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON). The maximum permitted level decreases from unprocessed wheat, through intermediary products, e.g. flour, to finished products such as bakery goods and breakfast cereals. It is, therefore, important to understand the effects of processing on the mycotoxin distribution in mill fractions. Between 2004 and 2007, samples were taken at commercial flour mills at various points in the milling process and analysed for trichothecenes and ZON. Samples with a range of mycotoxin concentrations harvested in 2004 and 2005 were processed in a pilot mill and the mycotoxins in the different mill fractions quantified. In the commercial samples, DON was the predominant mycotoxin with highest levels detected in the bran fraction. Analysis of the pilot mill fractions identified a significant difference between the two years and between mycotoxins. The proportion of DON and nivalenol in the mill fractions varied between years. DON and nivalenol were higher in flour fractions and lower in bran and offal in samples from 2004 compared to samples from 2005. This may be a consequence of high rainfall pre-harvest in 2004 resulting in movement of these mycotoxins within grains before harvest. There was no significant difference in the distribution of ZON within mill fractions between the two years. For DON, higher concentrations in the grain resulted in a greater proportion of DON within the flour fractions. Understanding the factors that impact on the fractionation of mycotoxins during milling will help cereal processors to manufacture products within legislative limits.