添加La2O3钼的韧性及其韧化机制研究

研究了不同状态钼的断裂韧性及其韧化机制.借助于拉伸、弯曲方法测定了Mo-La2O3材料的断裂韧性K1C和塑--脆转变温度(DBTT),并用SEM、TEM、AES等方法对镧钼材料的变形、断裂特征和组织结构进行分析.研究结果表明:烧结态Mo-La2O3的K1C值达到24.76MPa.m1/2,是纯钼的2.5倍多,而且高于热锻空冷态TZM钼合金.经1900℃退火的镧钼板,其塑--脆转变温度降低至-60℃,较同样状态的纯钼降低80℃.La2O3对钼具有显著的韧化效果.AES结果表明,添加La2O3并不改变C、N、O等致脆杂质在钼晶界上的分布状态.Mo-La2O3的韧化主要归因于其抗裂纹扩展能力的提高,而这与La2O3改变钼中的位错分布及组态有密切的关系.提出了一种新的韧化机制--硬脆第二相的韧化机制,能很好解释实验结果.     

面向等离子体钨基材料的增韧研究最新进展

钨及钨基材料由于其高熔点、高热导率、低蒸气压、低溅射产额及低辐照放射性等优异性能,成为具有广阔应用前景的面向等离子体材料。然而,钨基材料的本征脆性成为其作为聚变材料的主要限制因素,也成为国际聚变材料界的研究热点。本文综述了通过合金化、弥散强化以及复合材料等3种途径来增加钨基材料韧性的最新研究进展。目前合金元素中只有铼的添加能够显著改善钨的韧性;单一弥散强化方式难以有效提高钨的韧性,适当的热机械加工能够明显降低钨基材料的韧脆转变温度;通过钨箔钎焊制备出的钨层压结构复合材料的韧脆转变温度降低到了150℃。     

多相NiAl-Cr合金的微观组织和韧脆转变行为的研究

研究了NiAl-25Cr合金微观组织和韧脆转变行为.NiAl-25Cr合金的铸态组织为β-Ni(Al,Cr),γ'-Ni3(Al,Cr)和α-Cr三相组成,挤压后沿着挤压方向共晶区被显著拉长、变直,共晶区之间并列平行排列.经挤压变形后材料为完全再结晶的细小等轴晶,晶粒大小约3～5μm.韧脆转变温度明显依赖于应变速率,应变速率提高2个数量级,韧脆转变温度(BDTT)相应提高80K.在BDTT以下,断口形貌以β/γ'解理为主,而在BDTT以上,断口形貌出现大量的裂纹,表明合金的韧脆转变后的塑性变形由相界强度所控制.     

NiAl-Cr(Zr)合金的高温力学行为与韧脆转变

研究了多相金属间化合物ＮｉＡｌ－３３．５Ｃｒ－０．５Ｚｒ合金的显微组织、高温力学行为与初脆转变。铸造合金由β－ＮｉＡｌ和α－Ｃｒ组成的共晶胞及沿共晶胞界分布的Ｎｉ２ＡｌＺｒ（Ｈｅｕｓｌｅｒ）相组成．用热等静医处理后．在胞界处的Ｎｉ２ＡｌＺｒ相转变为富Ｚｒ相．该合金具有较高的高温压缩强度，高温压缩变形很好地符合幂指数规律．对高温拉伸延伸率的研究表明，该合金具有较明显的韧脆转变温度（ＢＤＴＴ），当应变速率为１．０４ｘ１０－４ｓ－１时，韧脆转变温度是１１７３Ｋ，应变速率提高两个数量级时，韧脆转变温度升高约１００Ｋ．讨论了高温变形和韧脆转变机理．     

燃气高压场站典型管材的韧脆转变温度及其影响因素

通过对北京丰台南次高压站A3钢管和王四营桥高压站20钢管两种管材进行不同温度下的系列冲击试验,对两种管材的韧脆转变温度进行了测定和分析,并结合化学成分及显微组织分析了影响材料低温韧性的因素。结果表明:A3钢管在不同温度下的冲击吸收能量及剪切断面率均小于20钢管的;前者的韧脆转变温度为3.7℃,后者为-17.2℃;管材的韧脆转变温度受化学成分和显微组织的影响,化学成分中碳、硅、硫、磷元素的含量越低,其韧脆转变温度也越低;铁素体-珠光体钢在晶粒度相同的情况下,钢中铁素体含量越高,其韧脆转变温度则越低。     

重点实验室研究进展

钼合金具有室温脆性以及强度低、延性差等本征特性,导致其深加工困难、产品性能低、应用领域受限。如何同步提高钼合金的强度与延、韧性,一直是本领域的挑战性难题。西安交通大学金属材料强度国家重点实验室孙军教授课题组经过多年努力,揭示了稀土氧化物掺杂钼合金中晶粒及晶内与晶界粒子强韧化尺寸效应特性和机理,建立了强韧化定量解析模型,证实了细化稀土氧化物及钼晶粒均可有效提高钼合金的强度和延、韧性,提出了纳米掺杂强韧化的新思路。并据此开发了分子级掺杂的液相混合制备含纳米稀土氧化物钼合金的关键技术,解决了稀土氧化物的纳米化与非团聚化、及其在钼晶粒内部和晶界均匀弥散分布、纳米超细晶结构的高温稳定性等制约该领域发展的3大“瓶颈”难题。所制备的合金中氧化物平均颗粒尺寸小于80 nm,钼晶粒尺寸可达亚微米级（图1）。这种具有纳米稀土氧化物粒子与超细晶微观结构的钼合金在获得显著强化的同时,其拉伸延性可成倍提高。该新型钼合金的强度与延、韧性均超过已报道的国际一流公司同类材料最好水平（图2）,同时明显降低了其塑脆转变温度,并显著提高了合金高温再结晶温度及高温强度与拉伸延性。     

微量Sc和Zr对Al-Mg合金组织和性能影响的研究

用硬度法，金相显微镜，扫描电镜（SEM）和力学性能检测等方法，研究了微量Sc和Zr对Al-5%Mg合金显微组织，再结晶温度和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明，添加0.17%Sc和0.08%Zr的合金铸态组织得到显著细化，枝晶组织在相当程度上得到消除；合金的再结晶起始温度约为300℃，比不加Sc和Zr的合金再结晶起始温度提高了约150℃，添加了Sc和Zr的合金没有确定的再结晶终了温度，其再结晶是一种连续，缓慢的过程，一直到575℃合金仍然保留着大量的变形组织；添加了钪和锆后的合金在稳定化退火后的强度提高，特别是高温退火后可以保留较高的强度。     

风力发电机主轴用34CrNiMo6钢的韧脆转变温度分析

为获得风力发电机主轴用34CrNiMo6合金结构钢的韧脆转变温度,沿其径向不同位置处制取V型冲击试样,并在-110~25℃进行了夏比冲击试验,利用Boltzman函数对剪切断面率与温度进行拟合,得到韧脆转变温度曲线并获得脆性断面占50%所对应的试验温度(即FATT50)。利用扫描电镜分别观察试样脆性及韧性断口形貌,简要分析了该材料在脆性及韧性条件下的断裂行为。试验结果表明:该主轴用34CrNiMo6钢的韧脆转变温度在-50~-70℃,且主轴表面的韧脆转变温度比芯部的稍低。较高试验温度下试样塑性断口表现出典型的韧窝状形貌,随着试验温度的降低,逐渐向解理形貌过渡。     

船用低温钢的冲击断裂行为及韧脆转变温度曲线分析

为比较拟合韧脆转变温度曲线各方法的优劣,确定船用低温钢韧脆转变温度,研究其冲击断裂行为,在20℃至–196℃系列温度下对试验钢进行Charpy冲击试验,并对其金相组织和断口进行分析。结果表明:使用Boltzmann函数拟合韧脆转变温度曲线的物理意义明确;船用低温钢韧脆转变温度为(–97±5)℃;试验温度高于韧脆转变温度时,裂纹形核功及延性裂纹扩展阻力变化不明显,但裂纹脆性扩展的阻力和裂纹失稳后的止裂能力随温度下降有较明显的降低;试验温度低于韧脆转变温度后,裂纹形核功及延性裂纹扩展阻力随温度降低迅速减小;试验钢的有效晶粒为(3.1±0.4)μm,细小的有效晶粒尺寸,是保证其低温韧性良好,韧脆转变温度低的主要原因。     

16MnR 钢弹塑性断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变温度特性

研完了16MnR钢弹塑性断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变温度特性。结果表明,断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变非常明显,其韧脆转变温度大大低于夏比冲击韧性的韧脆转变温度。根据试验结果,建议采用以弹塑性断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变温度曲线为基础来确定受静载荷低温设备的最低使用温度。     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.