正交设计法优化1 H-吲唑-3-羧酸的合成

以苯肼为起始原料，经过乙酰化生成乙酰苯肼，然后与水合氯醛、盐酸羟胺、硫酸钠反应生成N-乙酰氨基异亚硝基乙酰苯胺，经过Beckmann重排、合环、水解合成1H-吲唑-3-羧酸。并采用正交设计法考察了反应温度、滴加时间、物料比及硫酸钠用量对其关键中间体N-乙酰氨基异亚硝基乙酰苯胺收率的影响；此路线全程收率可达54．5％。     

2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)乙酰胺的制备

以甲苯作带水剂,三氮唑和氢氧化钾水溶液反应制备三氮唑钾盐;以氯乙酸甲酯和甲胺为原料制备2-氯乙酰甲胺。再以乙腈为溶剂,使三氮唑钾盐和2-氯乙酰甲胺反应制备目的产物2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)乙酰胺。着重考察了三氮唑钾盐和2-氯乙酰甲胺反应的反应温度、反应时间及其摩尔比对目的产物收率的影响。从而确定了2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)乙酰胺的合成工艺条件为:在乙腈中回流反应,反应时间4 h,n(三氮唑钾盐)∶n(2-氯乙酰甲胺)=1.3∶1;在此条件下,2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)乙酰胺的收率达87.5%。并用1H NMR,MS,IR,元素分析对其结构进行了表征。     

2-氨基-4-甲基-5-苯甲酰胺噻唑合成研究

以乙酰乙酰苯胺和二氯化砜为原料,通过氯代反应生成α-氯代乙酰乙酰苯胺。以水为溶剂,在酸催化下α-氯代乙酰乙酰苯胺与硫脲发生缩合反应制得2-氨基-4-甲基-5-苯甲酰胺噻唑,缩合反应的较优合成工艺条件:α-氯代乙酰乙酰苯胺与硫脲的质量比为1∶1.2、反应温度90℃、反应时间3h、浓盐酸0.5mL、H_2O 35mL。实验表明,α-氯代乙酰乙酰苯胺收率达到91.4%,2-氨基-4-甲基-5-苯甲酰胺噻唑收率达到94.7%,总收率达到87%。经红外、高液相色谱、~1H NMR表征证明合成产物为目标化合物。该合成技术工艺过程简单、生产安全、反应条件温和、生产成本降低、环境友好、产品收率高。     

2-氯-3-吲哚醛肟的酰化反应研究

以2-氯-3-吲哚醛肟为原料,肟上的羟基和吲哚环上的氨基在碱性条件下与苯甲酰氯、氯乙酰氯、二氯乙酰氯、苯磺酰氯同时发生酰化反应,生成N-酰基-3-吲哚醛肟酯类化合物.还对酰化反应温度、缚酸剂等对收率的影响进行了研究,以78.1%-90.O%的收率合成了标题化合物酯类化合物,均是未见文献报道的新化合物.所有新化合物的结构通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、质谱及元素分析得以证实.     

1-(5-(4-氯苯基)-1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-4-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基)-3-(吡啶-3-基甲基)脲的合成

以5-(4-氯苯基)-1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-4-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-甲酸与二氯亚砜为起始原料,经酰氯化反应、酰胺反应、霍夫曼重排以及水解反应生成中间体5-(4-氯苯基)-1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-3-氨基-4-甲基-1H-吡唑,再经过与氯甲酸苯酯反应、胺酯交换反应得到标题化合物,其结构经1HNMR、MS谱确证,总收率26.9%。     

3-(N-乙基-N-甲氧碳酰甲基)氨基乙酰苯胺的合成

以间氨基乙酰苯胺为起始原料,经乙醛乙基化,再与氯乙酸甲酯反应合成3-(N-乙基-N-甲氧碳酰甲基)氨基乙酰苯胺,并对合成工艺进行优化,得到较优工艺条件为:n(间氨基乙酰苯胺)∶n(乙醛)=1.0∶1.2,Pd/C(Pd质量分数5%)为催化剂,在氢气压力3.5 MPa,反应温度70℃下合成3-(N-乙基)氨基乙酰苯胺,收率为90.7%,色谱纯度为97.5%。以碳酸钠为缚酸剂,n〔3-(N-乙基)氨基乙酰苯胺〕∶n(碳酸钠)=1.0∶0.6,反应温度70℃下合成3-(N-乙基-N-甲氧碳酰甲基)氨基乙酰苯胺,收率为94.6%,色谱纯度为96.8%。     

硝酸奥昔康唑的合成工艺改进

以1,3-二氯苯为起始原料,经过傅克酰基化、N-烃基化、肟化得到(Z)-2-(1H-咪唑基)-1-(2,4-二氯苯基)乙酮肟(Ⅲ),中间体Ⅲ再与2,4-二氯氯苄反应,最后与硝酸成盐得到最终产物硝酸奥昔康唑(Ⅰ)。该工艺过程在N-烃基化和肟化时采用"一釜法"合成,同时对反应的影响因素进行了优化。与原有工艺相比,优化后的工艺路线简化了操作,并且使硝酸奥昔康唑的总收率由41.8%提高到70.8%,纯度达99.9%(HPLC测得),产物结构经IR、~1HNMR及HRMS进行了表征。     

7α-甲氧头孢菌素关键中间体7-MAC的合成

以7-氨基-(1-甲基-1H-四唑-5-硫甲基)-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸二苯甲酯(7-DAMC)为原料经缩合和甲氧基化等一系列反应制备得到甲氧头孢关键中间体7β-氨基-7α-甲氧基-3-(1-甲基-1H-四唑-5-硫甲基)-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸二苯甲酯(7-MAC)。实验结果表明合成中间体7-对甲苯硫亚氨基-3-(1-甲基-1H-四唑-5-硫甲基)-3-头孢烯-4-羧基酸二苯甲酯(7-DTMC)的较佳条件为:n(7-DAMC)∶n(TSC)∶n(环氧丙烷)=1∶3.5∶40,反应时间为3h,反应温度为30℃;产品7-MAC的较佳合成条件为:n(甲醇)∶n(无水AlCl3)∶n(PPh3)∶n(7-DTMC)=230∶1.5∶2∶1,反应温度25℃,PPh3插入反应时间15h,甲氧基化反应时间5h,收率54.17%,HPLC纯度99.15%。产品结构均经1H-NMR和IR表征认证。     

1-(5-氟戊基)-1H-吲哚-3-羧酸的公斤级合成工艺研究

对1-(5-氟戊基)-1H-吲哚-3-羧酸的合成工艺进行了优化,以价廉易得的吲哚为起始原料,经傅-克酰化、卤仿反应、 N-烷基化、水解4步反应制备了目标化合物1-(5-氟戊基)-1H-吲哚-3-羧酸,总收率43.6%,产物纯度99%,其结构经~1H NMR和~(13)C NMR表征确证。对吲哚N-烷基化的工艺进行了优化,采用温和易得的混合碱[n(LiOH·H_2O)∶n(KOH)=5∶1]一步引入5-氟戊基侧链,革除了NaH的使用,工艺过程操作简便,反应条件温和,溶剂低毒且可回收套用,大大提升了反应的安全性,适用于工业化生产同时为其他吲哚N-烷基化反应的工业化生产提供了新的思路。     

中间体O-3-氯-2-丙烯基羟胺的合成研究

O-3-氯-2-丙烯基羟胺肟法合成的操作简单,反应安全,产品收率高,被广泛应用工业生产。不可避免生成的杂质影响了产品质量和收率,杂质前驱体在醚化反应中产生,对杂质前驱体形成机理进行了合理推测,中间产物N-乙酰基-O-(3-氯-2-丙烯基)羟胺与反式-1,3-二氯丙烯反应生成了三级胺。确定了醚化反应的最佳反应条件减少杂质前驱体生成,使用羟胺水溶液参与反应,在反应温度60℃、投料比n(羟胺)∶n(NaOH)∶n(反式-1,3二氯丙烯)=1∶2.1∶1.0时得最高产品收率87.6%。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.