一株嗜热菌木糖异构酶的纯化与性质研究

研究了1株嗜热菌(Anoxybacillus flavithermus)所产木糖异构酶的分离纯化以及酶学性质。结果表明,经硫酸铵沉淀、Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤、纤维素DE-52弱阴离子交换柱和Q Sepharose Fast Flow强阴离子交换层析得到的木糖异构酶,分子量约为181 ku,由4个相同分子量的亚基组成。酶反应的最适温度为80℃,最适为pH为7.0且最适pH范围宽泛,pH6.0~11.0酶反应活性能保持80%左右。该酶热稳定性及耐碱性能良好,70℃保温1 h后酶活仍能保持近80%左右;pH5.0~8.0保温1 h后酶活仍能保持近80%以上,甚至pH12.0保温1 h后酶活性仍能保持40%左右。Mn2+和Co2+对酶活性有明显促进作用,Zn2+、Cu2+以及Al3+对酶活性有一定程度的抑制。     

红曲霉产生淀粉酶固态发酵条件的优化及部分酶学性质

以红曲霉M2为研究对象,在单因素试验的基础上,确定无机盐水添加量、培养时间、培养温度和培养基初始pH四个因素的取值范围,以生淀粉酶活力为指标设计正交试验优化了培养条件,并对最优条件下生淀粉酶的部分酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明:温度为32℃,pH值5.0,无机盐水量为14 mL,培养时间6 d时酶活最高可达445.37 u/g;该酶的最适反应温度为40℃,最适反应pH为5.0,在pH值为5.0⁷.0范围内较稳定,热稳定性较差,在60℃保温2 h残余酶活只有23.9%;Zn2+,Mn2+,Cu2+对该酶有促进作用,Ba2+和Fe3+对该酶有抑制作用,Na+,K+,Mg2+对该酶基本无影响。     

嗜热古菌Thermococcus sp.HJ21产高温普鲁兰酶条件和酶学性质

对一株分离自热液口的超嗜热古菌(Thermococcus sp. HJ21)菌株产普鲁兰酶的条件及酶学性质进行了研究.结果发现:该菌株在18 h产酶量达到最高.在发酵温度为88 ℃、培养基初始pH 6.5,以及NaCl质量浓度为2.5 g/dL时,产酶较高.麦芽糖、酵母粉和蛋白胨有利于普鲁兰酶的产生.该酶的最适作用温度为95 ℃,在80～100 ℃之间仍可保持较高的酶活性;该酶具有较好的热稳定性,100 ℃保温2 h,仍有50%以上的残余酶活.该酶的最适作用pH为6.0,并且在pH 5.0～7.0之间可以保持较高酶活性;在pH 5.0～7.0之间较稳定,在pH 6.5时稳定性最好.Ca2+和Na+对普鲁兰酶具有较强的激活作用,而Al3+、Ni2+、Hg2+、Cu2+等则强烈抑制酶的活性.     

产α-淀粉酶海洋微生物的筛选及酶学性质研究

从福建平潭海域、台湾海峡等地采集海泥、海水样品,从中筛选得到1株产α-淀粉酶的菌株825,经16S rDNA鉴定为芽孢杆菌属。优化其产酶培养基,得到发酵培养基配方:可溶性淀粉2.0%,酵母膏0.5%,蛋白胨1.5%,培养基初始pH 7.0,发酵周期60 h。经优化后,α-淀粉酶活力从46.55 U/m L提高到77.44 U/m L,提高了66.36%。对其酶学性质的研究表明,该酶的最适反应温度70℃,在30~50℃稳定性较好,保温1 h仍可保持90%以上的酶活力;最适反应pH 7.0,在pH 5.0~9.0的缓冲液中保温1 h,相对酶活保持在70%以上,说明具有较宽的pH作用范围。     

Bacillus subtilis UN13产α-淀粉酶酶学性质研究

对Bacillus subtilis UN13所产生的α-淀粉酶酶学性质进行初步研究.结果表明:该酶是一种中温酸性α-淀粉酶;其最适温度为50 ℃,在40～60 ℃范围内稳定性较好;最适pH为5.5,在pH值为5.0～7.5范围内较稳定;Ca2+和Mn2+对该酶有激活作用, Cu2+,Zn2+,K+和EDTA 则抑制该酶的活性;动力学研究表明该酶的Km值为1.7039 mg/mL,Vmax值为3.1615 mg/min·mL.     

产淀粉酶非酿酒酵母菌的筛选及产酶特性研究

通过对非酿酒酵母菌的筛选鉴定,共得到11株产淀粉酶菌株,酶学性质研究表明,该11株酵母菌在pH值为7~9时表现了较高的酶活力,在pH值为5~6时保持稳定;最适反应温度为40℃,在30~50℃时保持较高酶活力;金属离子依赖性发现,Fe2+、Mg2+对酶有不同程度的激活作用,Ca2+、Ba2+、Cu2+对酶有抑制作用;十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对酶均有抑制作用,EDTA抑制酶活约为50%,淀粉酶对二价金属离子具有一定的依赖作用。     

一株阿里地区产纤维素酶菌株的筛选与鉴定

从西藏阿里地区冈仁波齐山脉附近筛选得到了一株产纤维素酶的细菌G1,经形态观察与16S rDNA的序列分析鉴定其为地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）。该菌株在30 ℃、pH 7的初始条件下培养76 h后产酶量达到最高,酶活力为0.3 U/mL。酶学性质研究表明,B. licheniformis G1所产纤维素酶的分子质量约为65 ku,其最适反应温度为55 ℃,在30～60 ℃范围内保持50%以上的活力;其最适反应pH为6.0,在pH 5.0～6.0范围内保持95%左右的酶活力;此外,Mn2+对其纤维素酶活力有明显的促进作用,而Cu2+、Mg2+、乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）对该酶活有较强的抑制作用。     

窑湾甜油中霉菌和酵母菌的鉴定及其淀粉酶性质

从窑湾甜油面菌块中,分别筛选得到一株霉菌菌株和一株酵母菌菌株。霉菌通过形态学鉴定,初步确定霉菌为毛霉科的爪哇毛霉(Mucor javanicus),命名为DCF-4。酵母菌通过形态特征、生理生化特征分析,初步确定为酒香酵母菌属(Brettanomyces),命名为XYS-2。对其淀粉酶酶学特性进行研究,结果表明:爪哇毛霉和酒香酵母菌产生淀粉酶酶活分别达到535.33U,759.03U。进一步对两株菌产生的淀粉酶酶学性质进行研究,结果显示爪哇毛霉DCF-4产生的淀粉酶(淀粉酶Ⅰ)最适温度为80℃,最适pH为6.6,Ca2+,Mg2+,K+对其酶活性有激活作用,而Fe2+对其酶活有一定抑制作用;酒香酵母菌XYS-2产生的淀粉酶(淀粉酶Ⅱ)最适温度也为80℃,最适pH为5.0,Ca2+,Ba2+,Na+对其酶活性有激活作用,Cu2+对其有明显酶活抑制作用,达到90%左右。有机溶剂对两种淀粉酶活性都具有较强的抑制作用。     

磁性聚乙烯醇微球固定化α-淀粉酶的研究

磁性聚乙烯醇微球为载体,采用戊二醛交联法固定化α-淀粉酶,并对固定化酶的理化性质等进行了研究。结果表明,磁性固定化α-淀粉酶的总活力、蛋白载量、比活、活性回收率分别为1107.89U/g微球、125.36mg/g微球、8.84U/mg蛋白质和37.96%;固定化α-淀粉酶的反应最适温度和最适pH分别为110℃和7.0;固定化α-淀粉酶对金属离子Mg2+、Fe2+、Zn2+和Cu2+的抑制作用的忍耐性比自由酶的明显提高;α-淀粉酶被固定化后其热稳定性、操作稳定性、pH稳定性均比自由酶的明显提高。固定化α-淀粉酶在4℃,pH7.0的缓冲液中保存30d,其活力仍保持最初活力的91.6%,这比其自由酶的高12.3%。     

Bacillus sphaericus 2297蛋白酶基因sph在毕赤酵母中的表达及重组酶酶学性质

将Bacillus sphaericus 2297蛋白酶基因sph进行毕赤酵母密码子优化后,进行全基因合成,并构建了重组酵母菌P. pastoris X33-ppicZalphA-sph,对重组酶进行酶学性质研究。结果表明,重组酶的最适反应温度和最适反应pH为40 ℃和8.0,且其为20~30 ℃中保温10 h仍有80%以上的酶活力、在pH7.0~9.0条件下孵育24 h,仍能保持60%以上的酶活性。K+、Sr2+对酶活有明显激活作用,而Fe3+、Ba2+对酶活有明显抑制作用;重组蛋白酶SPH在极性常数为0.8~3.1的25%的正丁醇、环己烷、二甲苯中孵育6 d后,仍能保留50%以上的酶活性。本研究为B. phaericus 2297和B. phaericus DS11蛋白酶有机溶剂耐受性机制的研究奠定基础。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.