固定化酶催化酯化反应合成生物柴油的研究

采用固定化脂肪酶Novozym435催化油酸与甲醇进行甲酯化反应合成生物柴油。通过考察固定化酶的催化反应进程,确定脂肪酶催化酯化反应的基本规律,并通过研究酶的用量、反应时间、催化介质有机溶剂、底物甲醇的抑制、水分的抑制和两种底物酸／醇摩尔比等因素对酯化过程的影响,得到酯化工艺的最佳条件是：在石油醚体系中,4％wt固定化脂酶,温度为40℃,油酸与甲醇摩尔比为1：1．5,甲醇分3次流加,反应时间为24h,酯化率可以达到95％。催化剂循环使用5次,仍具有90％的转化率。酯化后产物经气质联用仪分析．脂肪酸甲酯的纯度可达到96％。     

固定化脂肪酶催化制备甘油三酯型鱼油

以固定化脂肪酶作为催化剂,以甘油和鱼油乙酯为原料进行酯交换反应制备甘油三酯型鱼油。通过单因素试验考察了酶种类、真空度、反应温度、加酶量对酯交换反应的影响,并采用正交试验对酯交换反应条件进行了优化。结果表明：固定化脂肪酶催化制备甘油三酯型鱼油的最佳反应条件为Novozym 435脂肪酶作为催化剂、真空度500 Pa、反应温度50 ℃、加酶量2%、反应时间15 h,在该条件下产物中甘油三酯含量达到78%,经过分子蒸馏后甘油三酯含量达到82.08%;脂肪酶重复使用15次,酯交换反应后产物中甘油三酯含量仍能达到74%。     

无溶剂体系脂肪酶催化阿魏酸油酸甘油酯合成研究

采用Novozym 435脂肪酶作为催化剂,在无溶剂体系中进行阿魏酸乙酯和三油酸甘油酯的转酯反应,发现水活度(aw)明显影响转酯反应,阿魏酸油酸甘油酯产率在水活度<0.01到0.75范围内随着水活度的增加而提高.推测三油酸甘油酯的去油酰化是该转酯反应的限速步骤.为了提高阿魏酸油酸甘油酯的产率同时减少底物水解,采用向介质中添加甘油的方法取代提高水活度的方法.当甘油和底物三油酸甘油酯的物质的量比达1:3时,阿魏酸油酸甘油酯的产率达29.0%.采用减压旋转蒸发去除副产物乙醇可进一步提高阿魏酸油酸甘油酯的产率.确定的脂肪酶催化阿魏酸油酸甘油酯合成的最佳反应条件为:2.0 mmol三油酸甘油酯,1.0 mmol阿魏酸乙酯,0.67 mmol甘油,110 mg Novozym435脂肪酶,反应温度为60℃,真空度为0.001MPa,反应时间为72 h,此时阿魏酸油酸甘油酯的产率可达59.5%.固定化酶可反复使用多次,活性没有明显损失.     

正己烷反应体系中酶法转化乙酸3-甲硫基丙醇酯的工艺条件

研究了脂肪酶催化合成天然香料乙酸3-甲硫基丙醇酯（EMTP）的关键因素及条件。以发酵3-甲硫基丙醇、己酸为主要原料酶法合成EMTP的反应中,固定化Novozym435脂肪酶为最佳催化剂,正己烷作为溶剂有利于提高酶活力;在正己烷反应体系中,Novozym435用量、分子筛吸水剂用量、乙酸加入次数、反应温度、反应时间等因素对EMTP合成有重要的影响,添加Novozyme435 50mg、分子筛2g、反应温度40℃、乙酸分3次加入、摇瓶速率100～150r／min,反30h为较佳的反应条件,其EMTP产量为6．5mg／mL.     

酶法合成癸酸甘油酯及其产物分布的研究

以固定化假丝酵母脂肪酶为催化剂,研究了无溶剂体系中甘油和癸酸直接酯化合成癸酸甘油酯的反应条件.考察了反应加酶量,底物摩尔比,温度,甘油含水量,反应过程中脱水方式等因素对癸酸转化率及最终产物分布的影响.结果表明:织物直接吸附假丝酵母发酵液制备的固定化脂肪酶能有效地催化合成癸酸甘油酯.反应的最优条件为:甘油与癸酸的摩尔比为1:1.5,反应温度为40℃,甘油含水量为4%,加酶量为0.25g/g癸酸.在最优反应条件下,癸酸转化率可达到98%.经过处理,固定化脂肪酶可重复使用4次以上.     

两步酶法合成富含EPA/DHA甘油酯的研究

采用两步酶法合成富含EPA/DHA的甘油酯。首先利用游离脂肪酶催化富含EPA/DHA的脂肪酸与甘油进行酯化反应,在水添加量为底物混合物质量的3%、脂肪酸与甘油摩尔比1∶3和酶添加量为底物混合物质量的1%时,酯化反应达到平衡时富含EPA/DHA脂肪酸的酯化率可以达到67%左右。再将游离脂肪酶催化酯化反应产物中的油相回收,利用Novozym 435为催化剂,在真空状态下继续进行酯化反应6 h,富含EPA/DHA脂肪酸的酯化率可以达到96.4%,甘油酯的组成为甘油三酯52.07%、甘油二酯41.9%。     

木糖醇月桂酸单酯的酶法制备工艺研究

研究了以木糖醇和月桂酸为原料,在固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435的催化下合成木糖醇月桂酸单酯。考察了酸醇摩尔比、脂肪酶添加量、溶剂添加量、分子筛添加量、反应时间、反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明:最佳反应条件为反应溶剂为叔丁醇、酸醇摩尔比1∶2、溶剂添加量20 m L/mmol(以月桂酸物质的量计)、脂肪酶添加量10 g/L、分子筛添加量80 g/L、反应温度85℃、反应时间4 h,在此条件下月桂酸转化率为91.8%。通过红外光谱和质谱进行结构鉴定,产物为木糖醇月桂酸单酯。     

玉米油脱臭馏出物酶法甲酯化的研究

以固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435为催化剂,以叔丁醇为反应体系的溶剂,催化玉米油脱臭馏出物中的脂肪酸进行甲酯化反应,确定最佳反应条件。结果表明,脂肪酶添加量为80 mg/g,反应温度55℃,反应时间为20 h,醇料比为1.5∶1,叔丁醇添加量为6%,此时酯化率可达到96.84%。每次反应后的脂肪酶用丙酮处理,可循环使用7次,活性无明显降低。     

超声酶促合成维生素A棕榈酸酯

研究了超声辐照下,在有机溶剂中以固定化脂肪酶Novozym435催化合成维生素A棕榈酸酯。考察了影响合成维生素A棕榈酸酯反应的诸因素(溶剂、底物摩尔比、底物浓度、反应时间、酶量和超声功率),并优化了反应条件:在10mL的正己烷溶剂中,0.164g维生素A醋酸酯和0.32g棕榈酸,在酶与维生素A醋酸酯的质量比为1∶4的固定化脂肪酶Novozym435催化下,超声功率为90W,反应6h,酯化率可达82%。     

超声波辐射对酶法制备椰子油脂肪酸甲酯的影响

生物柴油作为可再生能源,是环境友好的生物燃料,作为石化柴油的替代品及补充品具有可再生、易于降解、燃烧排放的污染物低、基本无温室效应等特点.本文利用超声辐射强化酯化制备生物柴油具有反应速度快,产率高等优点,探讨了超声辐照对有机相中脂肪酶催化脂肪酸与甲醇酯化反应的促进作用.以蒸馏椰子油脂肪酸、甲醇及Novozym435脂肪酶为主要原料,研究了不同因素及超声辐射对酶法促进油脂脂肪酸甲酯化的影响.对反应条件进行单因素实验,确定了最佳反应工艺参数.经分析初步得出脂肪酶催化甲酯化最佳条件为:酶用量7％,水加入量10％,超声功率250W,反应总时间25min,2mL正已烷/1g脂肪酸,甲醇与椰子油脂肪酸的摩尔比2∶1.在此条件下,脂肪酸甲酯转化率达到90.18％.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the