高温固相法制备片状α-Al_2O_3粉体

以氟化铝作为烧结助剂,采用高温固相法制备片状α-Al_2O_3。研究了烧成温度、保温时间、氟化铝添加量对氧化铝晶型和形貌的影响。研究结果表明,当氟化铝添加量为10wt%时,不稳定晶型的氧化铝在900℃下完全转变为稳定的α-Al_2O_3,氟化铝可以显著降低氧化铝的晶型转变温度;随着氟化铝添加量的增多,氧化铝的形貌由絮凝状变为蠕虫状最终变成片状形貌。烧成温度1200℃、保温时间3 h、氟化铝添加量20wt%条件下,可以得到大而薄的片状氧化铝,但形貌比较不规则。     

高温固相法制备片状α氧化铝粉体的工艺研究

片状α氧化铝因其较高的机械强度、硬度和熔点,优良的化学稳定性和抗腐蚀性能等,被广泛应用于LED、精密仪器、电子器件等领域。本文以氢氧化铝为原料,采用高温固相法制备片状α氧化铝,考察氟化铝添加量、煅烧温度、保温时间对片状氧化铝的晶粒尺寸、形貌和晶型的影响,同时研究了聚乙二醇作为分散剂对氧化铝分散性的影响。研究结果显示,在煅烧温度为1000℃、保温2小时、氟化铝添加量为10 wt%、聚乙二醇添加量为2 wt%的条件下,可以制得分散性优良的片状α氧化铝。在10 wt%AlF_3存在的情况下,不稳定晶型的氧化铝在900℃下完全转变为稳定的α-Al_2O_3,AlF_3促进了氧化铝的晶型转变,可以显著降低氧化铝的晶型转变温度,加入2 wt%的聚乙二醇分散剂有利于提高氧化铝的分散性。     

微晶氧化铝高档耐磨材料的研制

在确定了微晶氧化铝高档耐磨材料晶相组成的基础上,研究确定了微晶氧化铝高档耐磨材料的生产工艺。普通氧化铝粉在应用前必先煅烧,使γ-Al2O3转变为α-Al2O3,为了降低晶型转化温度研制了晶型转化助剂。研制的复合烧结助剂,降低了微晶氧化铝高档耐磨材料坯体的烧结温度。添加稀土化合物,使微晶氧化铝高档耐磨材料的性能得到了显著提高。     

络合溶胶-凝胶法制备Al_2O_3纳米晶及其表征(英文)

以异丙醇铝为原料,用聚乙二醇(PEG1000)络合溶胶-凝胶法合成了Al2O3纳米晶,并采用差热-热重分析、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜等对络合前驱体及粉体进行表征;探讨了PEG1000及煅烧温度对纳米Al2O3相结构、粒子尺寸、形貌及分散性的影响规律.结果表明:PEG1000增强了纳米Al2O3粒子的分散性.干凝胶在600～900℃煅烧后得到γ-Al2O3相;在600℃煅烧条件下,得到γ-Al2O3粒子形貌为针状结构,长度约为50～60nm.随着煅烧温度的升高,γ-Al2O3针状粒子长度逐渐减小,在750℃煅烧后,得到γ-Al2O3粒子长度为20～30nm;在900℃煅烧条件下,γ-Al2O3粒子形貌为颗粒状,平均粒径尺寸为10nm;当干凝胶在1 000℃煅烧后得到θ-Al2O3和α-Al2O3的混合相,所得粒子平均粒径尺寸为20 nm;当干凝胶在1 200℃煅烧后,得到的Al2O3全部转化α-Al2O3相,制得的纳米Al2O3粒子尺寸均一且分散性良好.     

溶胶-凝胶法低温合成亚微米α-Al_2O_3的制备与表征

以硝酸铝、硝酸铜、钛酸丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法低温合成亚微米氧化铝粉体,并对不同温度煅烧后粉体的物相与形貌进行表征。通过在硝酸铝的无水乙醇溶胶中引入少量CuO-TiO2氧化物助剂前驱体,在80℃水浴中长时间静置后获得浅蓝色凝胶,在不同温度下煅烧该凝胶,结果发现:煅烧温度低于950℃时,所获得的粉体主要为无定形态,仅含有少量的γ-Al2O3;将凝胶在1000℃煅烧2h后,全部变成粒径在80～100nm之间、粉体颗粒呈球形的α-Al2O3;当煅烧温度升高到1050℃时,α-Al2O3的颗粒直径长大到200～400nm。CuO-TiO2氧化物助剂前驱体的引入,不但降低了α-Al2O3的晶相合成温度,同时促进了α-Al2O3粉体颗粒的生长。     

水热法制备片状氧化铝纳米粉体

在碳酸氢铵和PEG2000混合溶液中,加入硫酸铝铵和PEG400的混合溶液得到白色沉淀,将白色沉淀物与正丁醇共沸后,在900℃煅烧1h,得到γ-Al2O3粉体,粉体粒径约为20nm;在1200℃煅烧1h,得到片状α-Al2O3粉体,粉体粒径约为60nm。     

煅烧温度对铝型材厂污泥晶相结构的影响

铝型材厂污泥的主要成分是γ-AIOOH,其中部分是晶体,部分是无定形体.本研究将污泥分别于450℃、600℃、800℃、900℃、1 000℃和1 200℃进行了煅烧,探讨污泥在不同温度下的晶相变化,采用化学全分析,XR,D和SEIvt表征了污泥的化学组成,在不同温度下的晶相结构和显微结构,为对其进行充分而有效的回收利用提供理论依据.实验结果表明:与常规的转化规律不同,污泥在450℃、600℃和800℃的试样中均形成了γ-Al2O3和无定形结构的微晶,随着温度的升高,γ-Al2O3的含量增加而无定形体的含量降低;当煅烧温度上升至1 000℃时,γ-Al2O3全部转化为α-Al2O3.     

纳米α-Al2O3的合成及其对混凝土力学性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法合成α-Al2O3纳米粉,利用DSC-TG、XRD及TEM对α-Al2O3纳米粉的煅烧温度、晶相及微观形貌进行表征.将该纳米粉掺入水泥混凝土,借助万能试验机研究纳米α-Al2O3粉对混凝土力学性能的影响.结果 表明:干凝胶前驱体经1050℃煅烧得到结晶良好的α-Al2O3纳米粉;纳米α-Al2O3粉的适量添加使混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度及劈裂抗拉强度均有所提高,对劈裂抗拉强度的提高最为显著;纳米α-Al2O3粉的合理掺量在2.0％ ～2.5％之间;纳米α-Al2O3粉的添加有利于降低混凝土的脆性.     

氢氧化铝热分解制备α-Al2 O3 纳米粉体

以工业氢氧化铝为原料,采用引入添加剂的直接煅烧分解法制备出α-Al2O3纳米粉。制粉过程中,在氢氧化铝粉料中加入不同量的相变添加剂ZnF2、AlF3和纳米α-Al2O3晶种,在球磨罐中球磨3h,所得粉料分别于800℃、900℃、950℃、1000℃煅烧1h、1.5h、2h,并将制得的α-Al2O3粉体配制成固相体积分数为15%的悬浮液,加入分散剂并调节pH值=8进行分散处理,再将该悬浮液进行离心分离,使纳米粉被逐步地分级与分离出来。结果表明:向Al(OH)3粉料中加入1%ZnF2 1%晶种或3%AlF3 1%晶种,降低了相变温度,从而在950℃煅烧1h后即可得到晶粒度分别为32nm和37nm的α-Al2O3纳米粉。所制粉体经分散、离心处理后,二次粒度为168nm;TEM观察表明α-Al2O3颗粒呈分散良好的不规则形貌。     

醇-水法制备Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体及其表征

以Al(OH)3和ZrOCl2·8H2O为起始原料,以NH4HCO3为沉淀剂,在醇-水混合溶液中获得前驱体,将前驱体在空气中煅烧,制备了Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体.探讨了不同煅烧温度对Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体的物相组成和显微形貌的影响.采用综合热分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等手段对粉体进行表征.结果表明:前驱体中含锆化合物主要以无定形的形式存在,当煅烧温度为600℃时,粉体中出现较强的t-ZrO2衍射峰,Al(OH)3的衍射峰肖失.当煅烧温度增加到1200℃时,粉体中主要存在α-Al2O3和t-ZrO2主晶相衍射峰.前驱体经600℃热处理后所制备的Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体粒度分布均匀且大多数颗粒在50 ～ 100 nm之间;随着煅烧温度的升高,Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉体颗粒出现长大,且其显微形貌由球状颗粒为主逐渐向球状、片状以及短棒状等多样化结构过渡.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.