2009—2012年上海市副溶血性弧菌血清分型研究

目的 了解2009-2012年期间上海市副溶血性弧菌临床菌株和水产品分离株的血清型分布.方法 采用血清玻片凝集试验对622株临床菌株和176株水产品分离株进行血清分型.结果 622株副溶血性弧菌临床菌株可分为27个血清型,其中以O3∶ K6型为主,约占61.7％.176株副溶血性弧菌水产品分离株可分为9个O群,其中O1、O2、O3、O4和O5群为主要血清型,约占72.2％.水产品分离株与临床菌株的血清型差异较大,但在水产品中检测到2株临床菌株的优势血清型O3∶ K6.结论 2009-2012年期间上海市副溶血性孤菌临床菌株和水产品分离株的血清型均呈现高度多样性,O3∶ K6型是引起食物中毒的优势血清型,而水产品分离株未见优势血清型.临床菌株优势血清型O3∶K6在水产品中的出现,提示上海市水产品存在潜在的致病危险,需要加强监控,为疾病的预防和控制提供依据.     

上海市水产品副溶血性弧菌的污染情况及毒力基因分布

副溶血性弧菌是引起沿海城市食源性疾病爆发的主要致病菌之一。为了调查2015年7月—2016年6月上海市内水产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染情况及毒力菌株的分布,根据GB/T 4789. 2013《食品卫生微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》方法结合聚合酶链式反应及环介导等温扩增技术,从206份水产样品中分离出201株疑似副溶血性弧菌,挑取疑似菌株接种至科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基并获取最大可能数,提取菌株基因组DNA对其进行毒力基因鉴定。从上海芦潮港码头收集71份样品中,有59份样品中分离出副溶血性弧菌,污染量为88.36 MPN/hg。上海市水产市场采样副溶血性弧菌污染率高达91.11%,污染量为1 361.76 MPN/hg。其中,tdh、trh阳性菌株污染率分别为1.6%、1.0%,均分离自虾中。研究表明,上海市售水产品中虾类是总副溶血性弧菌及致病性副溶血性弧菌污染率最高的水产品种类。水产品市场相对于自然环境而言具有更高的污染率和污染量,水产品捕捞后的一系列操作增加了副溶血性弧菌的污染。这些结果为上海市食源性疾病的防控提供了依据。     

上海市生食三文鱼中副溶血性弧菌污染的风险分析

为了解上海市生食水产品的安全状况,为食品安全分析和监管提供理论依据,研究上海市生食三文鱼为代表的生食水产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染情况,对上海市3 个批发市场进行监测分析,在2013年基于GB/T 4789.7-2008《食品卫生微生物学检验：副溶血性弧菌检验》方法共检测了90 个样品,副溶血性弧菌检出率为20.00%,其中致病性副溶血性弧菌（tdh＋）的检出率为1.10%,使用MEGA软件根据16S rDNA序列开展了菌株多样性分析;根据调查的副溶血性弧菌在生食三文鱼中的污染情况,使用@Risk 5.5 软件分析了生食三文鱼可能引发副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的风险,经Beta-Poisson剂量反应模型、蒙特卡洛模拟等分析后表明,生食三文鱼患病的概率为2.02×10－6,即每百万人有2 人发病;根据上海市三文鱼的平均消费总量,上海市居民每年生食三文鱼因副溶血性弧菌污染可能的患病人数为111 人。上海市居民生食三文鱼由副溶血性弧菌污染引起疾病的风险较小,控制副溶血性弧菌的污染量和每次三文鱼的消费量是减少风险的关键。     

水产品副溶血性弧菌污染监测结果的比较分析

摘 要：目的 了解我国水产品副溶血性弧菌污染情况,找出风险监测及预防副溶血性弧菌食物中毒重点区域。方法 以广州市往年监测数据为基础,结合文献公布的其他区域中水产品副溶血性弧菌污染监测结果,进行综合分析,得出结论。结果 2124份水产品样品进行副溶血性弧菌检测, 检出451份,检出率为21.23%。广东、江苏、浙江等沿海地区检出率高于内地监测结果,广东地区检出率高于江浙地区,广东地区淡水鱼副溶血性弧菌检出率高于内地水产品检出率(χ2=4.845,P < 0.05)。结论 广东地区为国内水产品副溶血性弧菌污染最严重的地区,其次为江浙地区,两地检出率均远高于内地,表明国内水产品副溶血性弧菌风险监测重点区域为广东及江浙等沿海地区。     

生食动物性水产品中副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌污染状况分析

目的 了解生食动物性水产品中副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌污染状况。方法 采用随机抽样方法,在我国13个地区的餐饮店、零售店和批发市场采集生食动物性水产品,共计2 980份,对样品进行副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌检测。结果 生食动物性水产品中副溶血性弧菌检出率为14.7%(437/2 980),污染水平＞100 MPN/g的样品比例为2.9%(83/2 909);创伤弧菌检出率为3.5%(104/2 980)。采样于批发市场的样品中副溶血性弧菌检出率、污染水平＞100 MPN/g的样品比例和创伤弧菌检出率均高于餐饮店和零售店。第三季度副溶血性弧菌检出率、污染水平＞100 MPN/g的样品比例和创伤弧菌检出率最高。造成污染的主要原因包括原产地污染,储存不当及加工过程交叉污染。结论 生食动物性水产品中存在副溶血性弧菌和创伤弧菌的污染,其健康风险应引起关注,本次污染状况分析可为标准制修订提供理论依据。     

广州市2006－2009年水产品副溶血性弧菌监测结果分析

目的 了解广州市市售水产品副溶血性弧菌污染情况,为水产品安全性风险评估提供参考依据.方法 在全市12个区的餐饮企业、肉菜市场、超级市场、批发点等4类采样点,分季度抽取水产品样品进行副溶血性弧菌检测.结果 副溶血性弧菌检出率为13.55%(102/753).不同种类(x~2=13.106,P <0.05)、不同年份(x~2=55.583,P<0.05)、不同季度(X~2=15.612,P<0.05)以及不同采样地点(x~2= 14.268,P < 0.05)的水产品检出副溶血性弧菌情况不同.差异有统计学意义.结论 广州市市售水产品副溶血性弧菌检出率较高,为产生该类致病菌性食物中毒的安全隐患.     

市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌的毒力及药敏性分析

为了解市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力基因携带情况及药敏性情况,本文采用《GB4789.7-2013食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》分离培养方法,利用VITEK 2 compact全自动细菌鉴定系统及荧光PCR从市售水产品中分离鉴定出60株副溶血性弧菌分离株,通过常规PCR对60株分离株中四种毒力基因的分布进行筛查,并用VITEK 2 compact全自动细菌鉴定系统对副溶血性弧菌分离株进行药敏性试验。结果显示,市售水产样品的60株副溶血性弧菌分离株中tlh基因携带率为100.00%、tox R/S基因携带率为100.00%、tdh基因携带率为95.00%,trh基因携带率为65.00%,多重毒力基因携带率高,其中四重毒力基因携带率为61.67%;分析60株分离株对19种抗菌药物的药敏情况发现对氨苄西林有极高的耐药性,耐药率为96.67%,多重耐药现象不突出,仅有4株分离株对2种药物耐药。结果表明,市售水产样品中副溶血性弧菌分离株毒力基因携带率较高,且多数携带多重毒力基因;分离株耐药情况不突出,但对抗菌类药物氨苄西林的耐药率较高,需警惕水产食品中副溶血性弧菌的潜在威胁。     

辽宁省市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染状况及耐药性分析

分析辽宁市售水产品副溶血性弧菌污染状况、毒力基因分布及耐药情况。方法 共采集420份水产品,应用国标方法和基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)对水产品中分离的副溶血性弧菌进行鉴定,并对分离菌株进行毒力基因及耐药性检测。结果 经国标方法和MALDI-TOF MS鉴定分离得到123株副溶血性弧菌,总检出率为29.29%(123/420)。不同种类、不同类别水产品副溶血性弧菌检出率差异均有统计学意义,海水产品检出率为33.44%,其中海水贝类检出率最高为49.51%;另外淡水产品中河蟹检出率较高为61.29%。分离的123株菌tlh基因全部阳性,未检测到tdh和trh基因,对氨苄西林耐药性显著,耐药率为94.31%。结论 辽宁省市售水产品不同程度受到副溶血性弧菌污染,尤其在河蟹中存在较高检出,应引起重视,并采取有效措施预防由水产品引起的副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病。同时,MALDI-TOF MS作为一种快速、准确、高通量的全新微生物鉴定技术,实现了对副溶血性弧菌的特异性快速鉴定。     

生食水产品中金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌的监测

目的为完善生食水产品中金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌的监测方法提供依据。方法在生食水产品的监测中,金黄色葡萄球菌分别采用GB 4789.10-2010第一法,第二法,第三法进行监测,副溶血性弧菌采用GB/T 4789.7-2008进行监测,同时结合仪器进行筛选和鉴定。结果生食水产品中金黄色葡萄球菌采用第二法检出率为3.3%,第三法检出率为6.7%,可见采用第三法检出率较高;生食水产品中副溶血性弧菌的监测,检出率为6.0%,同时发现粪肠球菌、普通变形菌群/彭氏变形菌、海藻希瓦氏菌、雷氏普罗威登斯菌可干扰副溶血性弧菌的筛选,在使用仪器进行筛选或鉴定时,经常会出现一些假阳性和假阴性的情况,因此在采用仪器的同时需进行手动筛选和鉴定,并以手动检测结果为准。结论生食水产品的监测方法需进一步完善,生食水产品的卫生状况需不断加强。     

水产品中副溶血性弧菌致病性和检测方法研究进展

副溶血性弧菌（VP）是一种常见的食源性致病微生物，主要存在于近岸海水、海底沉积物和鱼、虾以及贝类等海洋生物中。人类食用了含有该菌的生的或者未煮熟的水产品可能引起食物中毒、反应性关节炎和心脏疾病。本文对副溶血性弧菌的生物学特性、致病性特点等进行了综述，重点介绍了检测方法。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.