界面层对复合材料强度的影响

本文对氧化铝(Al₂O₃),氟化钙(CaF₂)和玻璃微珠颗粒填充环氧基(双酚A类E-51-胺固化体系)复合材料的断裂和抗拉强度进行了研究,并考察了复合材科抗拉强度与填料体积分数的关系。复合材料中,从填料固体表面开始形成了有一定厚度的密界面层。界面层的强度性质对复合材料的强度有重要作用。得到了三种复合材料界面层的抗拉强度。并提出了颗粒填充复合材料抗拉强度的计算公式:σ_o=〔σ_mS_m+σ₁S₁a₁〕η计算结果和实验数据有较好的一致性。      

微米和纳米SiO2改性聚四氟乙烯的摩擦磨损性能

使用超细及纳米SiO₂颗粒填充改性聚四氟乙烯塑料。测量其摩擦系数、磨损系数、结晶度,得到了填加量与复合材料摩擦系数、磨损系数和结晶度的关系曲线,并使用扫描电镜(SEM)对其表面形貌进行了分析。结果表明,无论微米或纳米SiO₂、表面处理后的纳米SiO₂,均使PTFE的摩擦系数有所提高,而耐磨损性能也有大幅度的提高。填充量小于6%时,填加未经偶联剂处理的纳米SiO₂的SiO₂/PTFE复合材料的磨损率降低98.5%;填充量大于6%以后,磨损率趋于稳定;填充量为6%时,摩擦系数仅从未加填料时的0.1提高为0.12。而偶联剂表面处理的纳米SiO₂复合材料的摩擦系数提高幅度最小。      

1-3型水泥基压电复合材料的制备及性能

采用切割-浇注法, 以硫铝酸盐水泥为基体, 制备了1-3型水泥基压电复合材料。详细阐述了1-3型水泥基压电复合材料的制备过程; 研究了0.375Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.375PbTiO₃-0.25PbZrO₃压电陶瓷柱的宽厚比w/t对1-3型水泥基压电复合材料的压电性能、 介电性能和声阻抗的影响。结果表明: 压电陶瓷柱的宽厚比w/t对1-3型水泥基压电复合材料性能有很大影响, 随着w/t的增加, 其压电应变常数d₃₃、 机电耦合系数K_p与K_t、 机械品质因数Q_m、 介电常数ε_r和介电损耗tanδ均随着w/t的增加而减小, 而压电电压常数g₃₃值几乎不受w/t的影响。在压电陶瓷体积分数仅为22.72%的条件下, 调节压电陶瓷柱的宽厚比w/t至0.130, 可使复合材料的声阻抗与混凝土的声阻抗十分接近, 从而有效地解决了智能材料在土木工程中的声阻抗相容性问题。      

电场对TiO2-C-Al系燃烧合成过程的影响

以3TiO₂+3C+(4+x)Al反应体系为对象, 直接燃烧合成致密的TiC-Al₂O₃-Al复合材料。着重研究了电场对该体系燃烧合成过程的影响。结果表明: 外加电场的焦耳热效应可提高体系的绝热燃烧温度, 从而突破燃烧合成反应的热力学限制; 电场可改变体系的燃烧合成反应的模式; 随着电场强度的增加, 自蔓延燃烧温度和速度均提高, 而合成材料组织中Al₂O₃和TiC晶粒尺寸逐渐减小; 当体系中过余Al量x为14mol、 外加电场强度E为25V/cm时, 可直接燃烧合成相对致密性为92.5%的TiC-Al₂O₃-Al复合材料, 且合成的Al₂O₃和TiC晶粒尺寸细小(0.2~1.0μm), 在金属Al中分布均匀。      

液体丁腈橡胶增韧丁腈橡胶/硫酸铜复合材料的制备及再加工性能

在笔者课题组之前的工作中,成功地制备和分析了无水硫酸铜(CuSO₄)填充丁腈橡胶(NBR)复合材料(NBR/CuSO₄),结果表明,CuSO₄的加入有效地提高了橡胶的强度,但同时也牺牲了断裂伸长率和可回收性,其实际应用受到了限制。文中使用低分子量的液体丁腈橡胶(LNBR)增韧NBR/CuSO₄,并制备了具有高力学性能和优异可回收性的NBR/CuSO₄/LNBR复合材料。X射线衍射、硫化曲线、差示扫描量热分析结果表明,LNBR对CuSO₄与NBR的配位反应具有抑制作用;扫描电镜结果表明,LNBR降低了NBR/CuSO₄的交联密度。当LNBR的含量为4 phr时,断裂伸长率为583.0%、拉伸强度高达34.2 MPa、断裂能为71.58 MJ/m3。此外,LNBR的加入促进了Cu-腈基(—CN)配位键的断裂和重建,从而提高了NBR/CuSO₄/LNBR复合材料的回收能力,其中的一种复合材料经二次加工后的回收率保持在9...     

碳纤维表面改性增强Fe3Al-Al2O3复合材料的制备及组织性能

采用溶胶-凝胶分散和热压烧结制备了短切碳纤维（CF_s）/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料。分别通过电化学镀Cu和化学气相沉积SiC对CF_s表面修饰和改性,研究了Cu镀层和SiC涂层对CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料显微组织、相组成、力学性能及断裂行为的影响。结果表明,未修饰的CF_s在Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃基体中受到严重侵蚀,CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料致密度低,抗弯强度仅为239.0 MPa,与Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃强度相当;表面镀Cu可有效保护CF_s不被侵蚀,同时提高了CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料的烧结致密性和界面结合强度,从而明显提高了复合材料的断裂强度,但断裂过程中纤维拔出较短;CF_s表面沉积SiC的CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料组织均匀致密,表面涂层完整,且与纤维及基体之间结合力相当,断裂过程中,涂层既可随纤维一起拔出基体,也可与CF_s分离而留在基体之中,SiC涂层与纤维及基体之间的弱相互作用很大程度上促进了纤维脱黏和拔出,从而促进CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料韧化所需的渐进破坏机制。      

玻璃微珠含量及粒径对填充聚丙烯复合材料动态力学性能的影响

应用动态力学分析仪,在－１５０￣１０１０℃的温度范围内,考察了玻璃微珠填充聚丙烯中微珠的含量及其粒径对复合材料动态力学性能的影响。结果表明,室浊下的贮能模量和 损耗模量随着微珠体积分数Φｆ的增加而呈非线性形式增大;在相同条件下,最大粒径微珠填充体系的动态模量高于较小粒径微珠填充体系;微珠含量和粒径对复合材料的阻尼的影响不明显;在Φｆ５％￣１５％范围内,玻璃化转变温度随着Φｆ的增加而增大,然后随之下     

ZrO2/聚偏氟乙烯复合材料介电性能及松弛行为

通过熔融法制备了ZrO₂/聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）复合材料,采用SEM、XRD和FTIR对其形貌和结构进行分析,结果表明,ZrO₂分布较为均匀,ZrO₂/PVDF复合材料主要含α相和少量γ相。采用宽频介电谱（BDS）测试,ZrO₂/PVDF复合材料介电常数ε'随ZrO₂含量的增加而增加,而介电损耗tanδ保持定值,表明ZrO₂的加入可以显著提高ZrO₂/PVDF复合材料的介电性能。经计算ZrO₂/PVDF复合材料介电模量M″和活化能,发现有玻璃化转变峰、缺陷峰和界面极化峰存在,而加入ZrO₂后,ZrO₂/PVDF复合材料活化能增加。      

微纳米SiO2/PP复合材料增强增韧的实验研究

为了研究无机刚性颗粒对通用塑料聚丙烯 (PP) 的力学性能的影响, 采用熔融共混方法制备了经硅烷偶联剂A-151处理的SiO₂/PP 复合材料, 并通过其缺口冲击、 拉伸、 弯曲试验和冲击断面的形貌观察, 分析研究了微纳米SiO₂颗粒大小、 填充量、 表面改性以及不同颗粒大小SiO₂混合物对PP复合材料增韧、 增强效果的影响。实验结果表明: 纳米SiO₂的加入可以同时改善其韧性、 刚性和强度; 填充量相同, 颗粒越细, SiO₂/PP复合材料的力学性能越好。SiO₂经改性后填充到PP基体中, 明显改善了颗粒在基体中的分散性及基体与颗粒之间界面结合性能, 使复合材料的综合力学性能得到提高。不同颗粒大小的SiO₂混合后填充到PP基体中, 混合SiO₂的协同效应使复合材料拉伸、 弯曲性能进一步提高, 对PP基体具有更好的增强效果, 但其冲击性能下降。      

金属硫化物及石墨填充PTFE 复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用MHK-500 型环-块磨损试验机, 对MoS₂、CuS、PbS 及石墨(添加量均为30 vo l% )填充的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE) 复合材料在干摩擦条件下与GCr15 轴承钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能进行了较为系统的研究, 并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM ) 和光学显微镜对PTFE 复合材料的磨屑和摩擦磨损表面进行了观察。结果表明, 添加石墨降低了PTFE 的摩擦系数, 而添加MoS₂、CuS 及PbS则增大了PTFE 的摩擦系数; 同时, 添加MoS₂、CuS、PbS 及石墨均可将PTFE 的磨损量降低2 个数量级, 其中以PbS 的减磨效果为最好, 而MoS₂ 的减磨效果则最差。      

玻璃微珠改性聚丙烯的熔融、结晶与形态

采用玻璃微珠改性聚丙烯并对复合材料的熔融、结晶行为与形态结构进行了研究.结果表明,玻璃微珠一定程度上起到了异相成核作用,有利于PP的结晶,提高了结晶速率.与单螺杆挤出复合材料相比,双螺杆挤出复合材料的塑化效果较好,玻璃微珠与基体的粘接情况也较好.冲击断面呈现典型的脆性断裂特征,玻璃微珠大量蓄积在冲击断面.而拉伸破坏断面表现出显著的塑性变形,形成大量带状或纤维状形变区域,材料最终的拉伸性能则取决于玻璃微珠与基体粘接和脱粘的综合效果.     

Tensile behaviour and fracture toughness of EPDM filled with untreated and silane-treated glass beads

The Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) theory has been applied to study the fracture behaviour of untreated and silane-treated glass bead-filled EPDM composites. The experimental values of both Young's modulus and tensile strength have been compared with those predicted by the main theoretical and semiempirical models, and the influence of the composite processing temperature on the tensile properties has been studied, noticing a marked drop of stiffness and strength from a processing temperature of 200 °C. A good adhesion between EPDM matrix and glass beads was achieved with the silane Z-6032, resulting in higher tensile strength, and it has been observed that glass bead presence induces plasticity in the EPDM matrix. No differences of the specific essential work of fracture were found in the three filled samples, although results show that the higher adhesion degree between matrix and particles, the higher value of the specific plastic work of fracture, and also the higher final instability in crack propagation.     

The fracture of particulate-filled epoxide resins

The double torsion test technique was used to investigate the fracture properties of two commercial epoxide resins filled with glass beads. The influence of varying the volume fraction of glass, the mean particle size and the pre-treatment of the glass surface on the stress intensity factor have been determined. A correlation has been found between the compressive yield strength and the stability of fracture in these composites, similar to that found for unfilled epoxide resins.     

PP/PET原位成纤复合材料的增强效应

用挤出-拉伸-注塑法制得了PP/PET原位成纤增强复合材料,以不拉伸的普通共混材料作对照,研究了PET质量含量(C_m)对PET成纤性和材料拉伸强度(σ_t)及模量(E)的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,C_m由0增至20%时,PET纤维数量增多,纤维直径及其分散性以C_m=15%为界先减少后增大;材料的σ_t、E在C_m=15%时有最大值,分别比纯PP提高约20%和70%。熔体拉伸时分散相液滴的聚结-形变成纤对PET相形态随C_m的变化起关键作用,分散相对基体增强效应与两相界面缺陷效应的相互竞争,纤维对基体增刚作用受纤维数量和细度的双重控制,分别是决定材料σ_t~C_m、E~C_m关系的支配因素。     

The role of poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) as interfacial agent in polypropylene–matrix composites

The effect of modifying the particle/matrix interfacial region on the morphology and tensile behaviour of glass bead-filled polypropylene (PP) composites was studied. The interface modification was promoted by blending PP with a small concentration (5% by weight) of poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) (co-PET). Ten different PP/co-PET/glass beads ternary composites were prepared, characterized and compared with the homologous PP/glass beads binary ones. Maleic anhydride-grafted PP was added as a compatibilizing agent for PP and co-PET in some of the studied formulations, and its effect studied. Furthermore, four different silane-treated glass beads were used to prepare the composites (50 wt.%). Results showed that three different interfaces, corresponding to three different levels (low, middle and high) of particle/matrix adhesion, could be obtained in these composites by varying the matrix composition and the silane coupling agent on the glass bead surface, which resulted in a wide range of tensile properties, from ductile composites with low tensile strength and high elongation to brittle ones with high tensile strength. It was found that co-PET embeds glass bead surface independently of the silane coupling agent employed. Finally, the adhesion degree differences between the different composite phases seemed to be the main cause to explain the differences found in the sensitivity of the composite tensile characteristics to the strain rate.     

Fracture toughness of glass microsphere-filled polypropylene and polypropylene/poly (ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) blend-matrix composites

The fracture behaviour of glass microsphere-filled polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) blend-matrix composites was investigated in comparison with that of the glass microsphere-filled PP composites. Depending on the deformability displayed by the composite, it was carried out through the linear-elastic fracture mechanics or by applying the J-integral concept. The matrix ductility was regulated in the composite through the glass bead surface treatment applied with different silane-coupling agents, as well as with the addition of maleated PP as polymer compatibilizer. Whereas all the composites failed in a brittle manner at moderate impact speed, quasi-brittle fracture behaviour was only observed at low strain rate in composites having high and medium interfacial adhesion level. Results showed that composites containing both aminosilane-treated glass microspheres and maleated PP showed the highest values of fracture toughness. In composites with low adhesion level between matrix and glass beads, the critical J-integral value diminished due to the presence of PET.     

The effect of low energy impact on the tensile strength of coated and uncoated glass particulate composites

The residual tensile strength of glass filled particulate composites has been determined after low energy impact for various energy values. The material systems constructed for the needs of this research consisted of epoxy resin filled with glass beads. The glass beads were either uncoated or alternatively coated with a reactive silane based bonding agent. Specimens with various filler volume fractions were available. The effect of silane coating as well as the filler volume fraction was analytically discussed. Finally, a model developed in previous work for continuous fibre reinforced composite laminates was adopted to describe the residual tensile strength after impact. In most of the cases the predicted curves fit the experimental results very well.     

Coated glass beads epoxy composites: influence of the interlayer thickness on pre-yielding and fracture properties

An elastomeric adduct based on a liquid rubber, an epoxy prepolymer and a liquid diamine has been prepared and deposited around glass beads reinforcing an epoxy matrix. The pre-yielding and fracture properties of such composites are studied and compared with those of untreated glass beads based composites. A linear dependence ofK _lc (critical stress intensity factor) versus volume fraction is obtained for untreated glass beads composites, whereas a maximum is reached at 20% volume fraction of filler for those with coated glass beads. Introduction of an elastomeric layer improves fracture toughness and the influence of interlayer thickness is studied. A maximum forK _lc is found for (e/r)=3% in connection with a strong decrease ofK/M ratio (work-hardening rate compression modulus) determined in the pre-yielding stage. The toughening mechanism is discussed primarily in terms of crack pinning and plastic deformation.     

Investigation of debonding processes in particle-filled polymer materials by acoustic emission: Part I Acoustic emission and debonding stress

Debonding processes in model composites under tensile deformation were investigated by acoustic emission analysis. The composites were prepared from epoxy and polyethylene matrix filled with glass beads of various sizes and with different coatings. The detected acoustic emission signals were identified as debonding processes at the filler–matrix interphase, and are discussed as a rupture process on the basis of the Weibull probability distribution function. For the model composites, the effect of the filler size is discussed using a theory based on Griffith’s criterion of rupture. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.