湍流燃烧模型对直喷式柴油机火焰结构和排放物预测的影响研究

研究了不同湍流燃烧模型（EBU、CTC和PaSR模型）对直喷式柴油机燃烧过程中火焰结构和排放物生成的影响。分析了缸内平均量（放热率、缸内平均温度、NO和soot）变化情况和OH、NO及soot分布，并与试验结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：不同燃烧模型虽然能得到相近的缸内平均量结果，但预测得到的缸内OH、NO、soot分布和温度分布情况存在一定差异；其中以EBU模型的预测结果与试验偏离最大；PaSR模型能较准确预测缸内变量微观分布情况和火焰脱离喷孔的距离，其预测得到的火焰结构与Dec1997年提出的概念模型一致。     

On the capabilities and limitations of predictive,multi-zone combustion models for hydrogen-diesel dual fuel operation

Compared with traditional hydrocarbon fuels, hydrogen provides a high-energy content and carbon-free source of energy rendering it an attractive option for internal combustion engines. Co-combusting hydrogen with other fuels offers significant advantages with respect to thermal efficiency and carbon emissions.This study seeks to investigate the potential and limitations of multi-zone combustion models implemented in the GT-Power software package to predict dual fuel operation of a hydrogen-diesel common rail compression ignition engine. Numerical results for in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were compared with experimental data. A single cylinder dual-fuel model was used with hydrogen being injected upstream of the intake manifold. During the simulations low (20 kW), medium (40 kW) and high (60 kW) load conditions were tested with and without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. Both single and double diesel injection strategies were examined with hydrogen energy share ratio being varied from 0 to 57% and 0–42 respectively. This corresponds to a range in hydrogen air-equivalence ratios of approximately 0–0.29.The results show that for the single-injection strategy, the model captures in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate with good accuracy across the entire load and hydrogen share ratio range. However, it appears that for high hydrogen content in the charge mixture and equivalence ratios beyond the lean flammability limit, the model struggles to accurately predict hydrogen entrainment leading to underestimated peak cylinder pressures and heat release rates. For double-injection cases the model shows good agreement for hydrogen share ratios up to 26%. However, for higher energy share ratios the issue of erroneous hydrogen entrainment into the spray becomes more accentuated leading to significant under-prediction of heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure.     

Experimental investigation of the Exhaust Gas Recirculation effects on irreversibility and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption of indirect injection diesel engines

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of using Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on various exergy terms of an IDI diesel engine cylinder. In this paper also the effectiveness of total in-cylinder irreversibility on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) in a diesel engine is investigated. To serve this aim an exergy analysis is conducted on the engine cylinder which provides all the availability terms by which the evaluation of in-cylinder irreversibilities is possible. The availability terms including heat transfer, inlet and exhaust gases and work output are presented during the engine operation at different load and speeds. To clarify the effect of using EGR in each case, EGR is introduced to the cylinder at various ratios during the tests. Finally, the dependence of total in-cylinder irreversibility and engine BSFC at particular engine operating conditions is introduced and the variations are compared. The results show that using EGR mostly increases the total in-cylinder irreversibility mainly due to extension of the flame region which reduces maximum combustion temperature. Also, the results revealed that the variations of the total in-cylinder irreversibility and engine BSFC follow the same trend especially at high load conditions.     

基于详细化学反应机理的增压二甲醚发动机燃烧与NO_x排放数值研究

使用KIVA-3V对增压柴油机和二甲醚发动机标定功率点的缸内燃烧过程与NOx排放进行了数值模拟研究.研究结果表明:计算所得的气缸压力和放热率曲线与实测值吻合较好.对缸内燃烧的温度分布计算表明:柴油燃烧滞燃期为2.5 °CA左右,二甲醚为1.5 °CA.柴油燃料着火始于喷雾前端两侧,在燃烧初期,其高温区分布在喷雾前端一侧,且在燃烧室内气流作用下沿垂直于喷雾方向扩散;二甲醚的着火点位于喷嘴附近,随喷雾的进行,其燃烧高温区从喷嘴附近一直延伸到喷雾前端,呈现狭长的高温带.在扩散燃烧后期,与柴油相比,二甲醚燃烧温度分布较均匀,且最高温度比柴油低.选用的9步NOx生成机理可较好地预测发动机实际运行中NOx排放水平.     

490Q柴油发动机掺烧LPG的试验研究

对490Q直喷式柴油机进行了LPG/柴油双燃料的技术改造。在分别燃用纯柴油和柴油/LPG双燃料的情况下,研究了相应工况下发动机的动力性、经济性以及排放特性等性能。试验结果表明,加入一定比例的LPG可改变缸内燃烧过程,大幅度降低排气烟度,在一定程度上提高了燃油经济性。     

CA6DL1—30柴油机燃烧室改进的模拟与实验研究

为研究燃烧室形状对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响,应用大型通用CFD软件STAR—CD程序对3种不同形状的燃烧室内燃烧过程进行了多维数值模拟计算,研究了不同的燃烧室形状对缸内气流运动以及缸内燃烧温度和排放的影响,并通过实验验证了计算模型的正确性。     

A coupling dynamics and thermodynamics study of diesel pilot-ignition injection effect on hydrogen combustion of a linear engine

Linear hydrogen engine is a new type of energy conversion device to supports variable compression ratio operation for clean emission. However, the new hydrogen engine using conventional spark ignition shows slow combustion speed and low thermal efficiency. This study makes a preliminary assessment to discuss the application of diesel pilot-ignition technology in linear hydrogen engine aiming to accelerate combustion and improve efficiency. A new coupling model between dynamics and thermodynamics is proposed and then iteratively calculated to give insight the interrelationship of combustion and motion in a diesel pilot-ignited linear hydrogen engine, while the effect of injection position on the hydrogen engine combustion is also investigated to make clear the feasibility of combustion optimization. The results indicate that the linear hydrogen engine is speeded by properly advancing the injection to promote combustion, and it has a positive effect on in-cylinder gas temperature, pressure and pressure rise rate, unless the injection is too early which results in higher NO emissions and aggravate the working intensity of the engine. In addition, the closer the fuel injection is to the top dead center, the incomplete combustion of hydrogen and diesel in the cylinder, the decrease of engine fuel economy and the increase of soot emissions. There is an optimal thermal efficiency of 40.7% for the LHE when it operates in the 0.8 mm injection position condition.     

Estimation of instantaneous local heat transfer coefficient in spark-ignition engines

Optimizing heat transfer for internal combustion engines requires application of advanced development tools. In addition to experimental method, numerical 3D-CFD calculations are needed in order to obtain an insight into the complex phenomenas in-cylinder processes. In this context, fluid flow and heat transfer inside a four-valve engine cylinder is modeled and effects of changing engine speed on dimensionless parameters, instantaneous local Nusselt number and Reynolds number near the surface of combustion chamber are studied. Based on the numerical simulation new correlations for instantaneous local heat transfer on the combustion chamber of SI engines are derived. Results for several engine speeds are compared for total heat transfer coefficient of the cylinder engine with available correlation proposed by experimental measurements and a close agreement is observed. It is found that the local value of heat transfer coefficient varies considerably in different parts of the cylinder, but it has equivalent trend with crank angle position.     

船用中速柴油机缸压闭环控制技术仿真研究

针对船用柴油机工作不均匀及循环波动对柴油机性能和振动噪声的负面影响问题,以6L16/24-CR型船用中速柴油机为对象,使用软件在环仿真技术对缸压闭环控制策略进行仿真分析。建立能模拟各缸不均匀性和循环波动的柴油机实时模型,从气缸压力中选取能指示柴油机各缸燃烧状态的反馈变量,根据反馈变量和控制变量之间的动态关系开发缸压闭环控制策略,建立由柴油机实时模型、气缸压力反馈变量、控制策略和喷油控制变量构成的软件在环仿真平台,在该软件在环仿真平台上对缸压闭环控制策略进行闭环仿真。结果表明,开发的缸压闭环控制策略能满足船用柴油机的控制要求,在仿真环境下能改善约99%的各缸不均匀。     

ZS195柴油机缸内燃烧温度场测量及分析

柴油机缸内燃烧温度场分布对柴油机的性能有着重要的影响,因此柴油机缸内燃烧温度场的测量对于分析优化柴油机性能有着重要的作用。本文简单介绍了三基色光学测温原理,通过高速图像摄影仪获得ZS195柴油机缸内燃烧火焰图片,对火焰图片进行处理分析,得到了ZS195柴油机缸内燃烧温度场的分布,为柴油机燃烧过程分析提供了有价值的信息。     

Investigations on the combustion parameters of a dual fuel diesel engine with hydrogen and LPG as secondary fuels

This paper presents a detailed experimental investigations on the combustion parameters of a 4 cylinder (turbocharged and intercooled) 62.5 kW gen-set duel fuel diesel engine (with hydrogen and LPG as secondary fuels). A detailed account on maximum rate of pressure rise, peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate in first phase of combustion and combustion duration at a wide range of load conditions with different gaseous fuel substitutions has been presented in the paper. When 30% of hydrogen alone is used as secondary fuel, maximum rate of pressure rise increases by 0.82 bar/deg CA as compared to pure diesel operation, while, peak cylinder pressure and combustion duration increase by 8.44 bar and 5 deg CA respectively. When 30% of LPG alone is used as secondary fuel, the enhancements in maximum rate of pressure rise, peak cylinder pressure and combustion duration are found to be 1.37 bar/deg CA, 6.95 bar and 5 deg CA respectively. It is also found that heat release rate in first phase of combustion reduces at all load conditions as compared to the pure diesel operation in both types of fuel substitutions.One important finding of the present work is significant enhancement in performances of dual fuel engine when hydrogen-LPG mixture is used as the secondary fuel. The highlight of this case is that when the mixture of LPG and hydrogen (40% in the ratio LPG: hydrogen = 70:30) is used as secondary fuel, maximum rate of pressure rise (by 0.88 bar/deg CA) and combustion duration reduces (by 4 deg CA), while, peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate in first phase of combustion increase by 5.25 bar and 35.24 J/deg CA respectively.     

非直喷式柴油机气态污染物形成历程研究

本文应用新研制的全气缸取样系统测量了一台S195型涡流室式柴油机气缸内NO_x、CO浓度随曲轴转角的变化历程。考查了负荷、转速和喷油提前角对NO_x、CO浓度变化历程的影响。实验结果同计算机模拟结果作了对比,两者基本吻合。     

燃油的喷射雾化燃烧对柴油机缸内空气流动影响的研究

将柴油机缸内气体与全体燃烧室部件(气缸盖-气缸套-活塞组)作为一个耦合体,在对耦合体进行传热数值模拟的基础上得到缸内流动计算的壁面边界条件。利用大型通用CFD软件STAR-CD及ES-ICE,在进气压缩过程流动三维瞬态数值模拟基础上,对6110柴油机喷雾燃烧过程缸内三维非稳态流动进行数值模拟研究,着重分析燃油喷射、雾化、燃烧对缸内流动的影响。研究结果表明喷雾燃烧过程中燃油的喷射流动直接影响到缸内流场的总流型,在一定空间内完全打破缸内大的旋流流场。     

Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on an Opposed-Piston Compression Ignition Diesel Engine

High power-to-weight and fuel efficiency are bounded with opposed-piston compression ignition(OPCI) engine, which makes it ideal in certain applications. In the present study, a dynamic three-dimensional CFD model was established to numerically investigate the combustion process and emission formation of a model OPCI engine with hydrogen enrichment. The simulation results indicated that a small amount of hydrogen was efficient to improve the indicated power owing to the increased in-cylinder pressure. Hydrogen tended to increase the ignition delay of diesel fuel due to both dilution and chemical effect. The burning rate of diesel fuel was apparently accelerated when mixing with hydrogen and premixed combustion became dominated. NO_x increased sharply while soot was sufficiently suppressed due to the increase of in-cylinder temperature. Preliminary modifications on diesel injection strategy including injection timing and injection pressure were conducted. It was notable that excessive delayed injection timing could reduce NO_x emission but deteriorate the indicated power which was mainly attributed to the evident decline of hydrogen combustion efficiency. This side effect could be mitigated by increasing the diesel injection pressure. Appropriate delay of injection coupled with high injection pressure was suggested to deal with trade-offs among NO_x, soot and engine power.     

船用直喷式天然气发动机喷射策略的优化

利用CONVERGE软件基于L23/30DF型船用天然气发动机建立了双天然气喷嘴、双引燃柴油喷嘴的直喷天然气发动机的缸内燃烧过程的CFD计算模型,计算了不同的柴油和天然气喷射时刻和间隔下发动机缸内燃烧和排放过程。结果表明:引燃柴油的喷射时刻及其与天然气喷射时刻的间隔,对直喷式天然气发动机燃烧和排放性能有重要影响。当喷射时刻为-25℃A时,发动机具有较高的缸内爆发压力和良好的排放性能。在引燃柴油和天然气喷射间隔为16℃A时,可获得最高的缸内爆发压力,此时soot排放降低了22%。     

Evaluation of a new computational fluid dynamics model for internal combustion engines using hydrogen under motoring conditions

The present work conducts a preliminary evaluation of a new CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model, which is under development at the authors' laboratory. Using this model, it is feasible to understand how the intake manifold and in-cylinder geometry affect the in-cylinder flow field and the mixing processes taking place in an Otto (spark-ignition) engine. The model is applied on a high-swirl, two-valve, four-stroke, transparent combustion chamber engine running under motoring conditions. To investigate the fuel–air mixing process, hydrogen is injected in the intake manifold. To evaluate the model three case studies are examined. First, the model is applied to simulate the external mixing in the intake manifold with a tee-mixer injection system. Secondly, the transient gas flow field in the intake manifold and engine cylinder is examined over the complete engine cycle. Finally, the transient mixing process in the intake manifold and the spatial and temporal distribution of species concentrations inside the cylinder are numerically computed using the developed model. To validate the model, the results obtained through the test cases examined are compared either with available experimental data or with simulated results, which are obtained using a commercially available CFD code applied under the same conditions.     

ZS195柴油机缸内燃烧温度场测量及分析

柴油机缸内燃烧温度场分布对柴油机的性能有着重要的影响,因此柴油机缸内燃烧温度场的测量对于分析优化柴油机性能有着重要的作用。本文简单介绍了三基色光学测温原理,通过高速图像摄影仪获得ZS195柴油机缸内燃烧火焰图片,对火焰图片进行处理分析,得到了ZS195柴油机缸内燃烧温度场的分布,为柴油机燃烧过程分析提供了有价值的信息。     

双燃料发动机燃烧放热规律模型及实验研究

在原单一燃料放热规律计算模型的基础上，针对双燃料发动机燃烧过程的特点，将其分为四个阶段，建立了一种新的双燃料发动机燃烧放热率计算模型。使用该模型，可以实现引燃燃料与主燃料放热率计算的分离。简要介绍了该模型的计算原理和方法。利用该模型分别计算了柴油-LPG双燃料发动机的引燃柴油、LPG及总体的燃烧放热率，分析了其燃烧过程及燃烧特性，并与试验结果进行了分析比较。为研究分析双燃料发动机的燃烧特性提供了一种便捷有效的方法。     

Effect of hydrogen enrichment in the intake air of diesel engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend and diesel

In the current investigation, the enrichment of hydrogen with the honge biodiesel blend and diesel is used in a compression ignition engine. The biodiesel is derived from the honge oil and mixed with diesel fuel by 20% (v/v). Thereafter, hydrogen at different volume flow rates (10 and 13 lpm) is introduced into the intake manifold. The outcomes by enrichment of hydrogen on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics are investigated by examining the brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, HC, CO, CO₂, NOₓ emissions, in-cylinder pressure, combustion duration, and rate of heat release. The engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend is found to enhance the thermal efficiency, combustion characteristics. Compare to diesel, the BTE increased by 2.2% and 6% less fuel consumption for the HB20 + 13H₂ blend. Further, reduction in the emission of exhausts gases like CO and HC by 21% and 24%, respectively, are obtained. This is due to carbon-free structure in hydrogen. Moreover, due to high pressure in the cylinder, there is a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen emission compare to diesel. The combustion characteristics such as rate of heat release, combustion duration, and maximum ₂rate of pressure rise and in-cylinder pressure are high due to hydrogen.     

高压共轨柴油机缸压闭环控制系统开发及试验

针对高压共轨柴油机各缸工作不均匀的问题,以CA4DLD18E5高压共轨柴油机为对象,采用缸压闭环控制技术开发了一套由基础控制器(BC)和缸压闭环快速原型控制器(PRPC)组成的缸压闭环控制系统.PRPC采集各缸的缸压,计算燃烧特征参数IMEP和CA50,按缸压闭环控制策略将各缸修正后的喷油正时和喷油脉宽发送给BC,实现...