热处理工艺对Cr17含Ni马氏体不锈钢组织及性能的影响

通过对Cr17含Ni马氏体不锈钢热处理工艺试验,研究了不同的淬火和回火温度对Cr17含Ni马氏体不锈钢（低、高倍）组织和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明：经过淬火＋高温回火处理后,材料晶粒明显细化,材料的综合力学性能得到最大提高。同时,在中温回火时,材料的强度和硬度有所提高,塑性和韧性略有降低,出现明显的中温回火脆性倾向。Cr17含Ni马氏体不锈钢的使用状态组织为索氏体,具有良好的耐蚀性能,又具有较高的强度和韧性配合。     

不锈钢杠杆螺栓断裂原因分析与改进措施

针对某型1Cr17Ni2不锈钢制动杠杆螺栓在服役过程中出现断裂情况，对其进行了宏观断口、微观断口、显微组织、力学性能等分析与验证。结果表明：螺栓失效模式为应力腐蚀，在服役中长期受弯曲拉应力作用，在潮湿的腐蚀环境中，造成应力腐蚀断裂。螺栓经调整热处理制度避开回火脆性区后消除了回火脆性。     

氮对0Cr13Ni4Mo马氏体不锈钢机械性能的影响

研究结果表明，含0．018％N的低氮对0Cr13Ni4Mo马氏体不锈钢未出现中温回火脆性，含0．054％N的高氮钢有中温回火脆性出现，经600℃高温回火后可获得高的强韧性配合和极高的－60℃低温冲击韧性。     

00Ni10Cr10Mo2Ti马氏体时效不锈钢低温断裂行为的研究

本文采用动态断裂试验方法研究了00Ni10Cr10Mo2Ti马氏体时效不锈钢的断裂性能,结果表明该合金在-196℃以上存在明显的延性-脆性转变。通过扫描电镜对断口进行分析,确定了三种基本断裂机制:(1)准切变,(2)韧窝;(3)准解理,讨论了这几种机制同组织和实验温度的关系。并对断口进行了定量分析,得出了相应断裂机制的典型断裂韧度。     

不锈钢概论（9）

3马氏体不锈钢的发展和性能特点马氏体不锈钢是一类可通过热处理（淬火、回火）①对其性能进行调整的不锈钢。按它们的成分特点可分为马氏体铬不锈钢（Fe—Cr—C马氏体不锈钢）和马氏体铬镍不锈钢（Fe—Cr—Ni马氏体不锈钢）。     

AOD炉冶炼含氮不锈钢氮合金化工艺开发

介绍了AOD炉运用氮气在不锈钢中溶解与脱除理论所开发的氮合金化工艺。在40tAOD炉上冶炼0Cr19Ni9N,0Cr19Ni9NbN,1Cr17Mn6Ni5N,00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2（N）,00Cr22Ni5Mo3N等舍氮不锈钢钢种。不需在线分析钢中氮含量，较为准确地预测与控制钢中氮溶解度值及舍氮不锈钢成品的氮含量。     

热处理工艺对0Cr17Ni钢磁性能的影响

研究了不同温度淬火、高温回火对0Cr17Ni不锈钢磁性能的影响,通过显微组织、碳化物析出特点、残余奥氏体含量分析,解释了产生磁性能变化的原因。结果表明:奥氏体化温度越高,铁素体含量越多,磁性能越好。高温回火后磁性能得到明显提高。但奥氏体化温度过高,残余奥氏体增多、晶粒增大,降低磁性能。     

40Cr齿轮轴断裂原因分析

利用扫描电镜等设备对40Cr齿轮轴的断口形貌、金相组织进行了分析,认为40Cr齿轮轴断裂的原因是用户热处理工艺不当,造成齿轮轴出现回火脆性导致断裂。     

0Cr17Ni7Al不锈钢热处理工艺研究

研究了热处理工艺对0Cr17Ni7Al不锈钢洛氏硬度的影响。将0Cr17Ni7Al不锈钢调整处理后冷却到15℃以下进行深冷处理,并保证调整处理和深冷处理的时间间隔小于1 h,可以降低组织的奥氏体稳定化程度,使其转变为马氏体组织,从而提高材料的洛氏硬度。经固溶处理—调整处理—深冷处理—时效处理,可以明显提高0Cr17Ni7Al不锈钢的洛氏硬度,为44～47,符合稳定使用标准的要求。     

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb沉淀硬化不锈钢材料韧性改进的工艺方法研究

17-4PH钢是一种高强度和良好的韧性性能的沉淀硬化型马氏体不锈钢,该材料具备和18-8型不锈钢一样优良的耐蚀性,在我国各个工业领域应用较为广泛~([1]),但对于一些特殊技术要求的功能部件来说,使用过程中既应保证材料强韧性,同时又应该满足材料耐蚀性的技术指标,而该材料在韧性方面的表现往往差强人意,文章重点研究了0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb沉淀时效硬化型不锈钢的提高韧性方法的工艺方法,通过调整热处理制度的工艺方法来改善材料的韧性和塑性,满足不同需求的复杂工况条件下的使用性能。以此提高0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢材料的使用性能和使用范围。     

Reversible temper embrittlement of rotor steels

The susceptibility to temper embrittlement of eight different rotor steels has been studied in terms of the effects of composition, of cooling rate from tempering temperature, of isothermal aging, of steel-making practice and of strength level and tempering temperature. The Ni Cr Mo V steels tested showed increasing susceptibility to temper embrittlement with increasing nickel content. The normally marked susceptibility of a high phosphorus 3 pct Cr Mo steel was eliminated by the removal of manganese. Embrittlement in a 3 pct Ni Cr Mo V steel was caused by the equilibrium segregation of solute atoms to the prior austenite grain boundaries. Two Cr Mo V steels tested were not susceptible to temper embrittlement. Electroslag remelting and refining had very little effect on the susceptibility of the steels tested. Strength level and tempering temperature had no effect on the degree of embrittlement of the 3 pct Ni Cr Mo V disc steel. The possibilities of remedial action include an adjustment of the post tempering cooling rate, to optimize the conflicting interests of minimum temper embrittlement and adequate stress relief, and the production of very low manganese rotor steels.     

Temper embrittlement of Ni-Cr steel by antimony: III. Effects of Ni and Cr

The individual effects of Ni and Cr on temper embrittlement in a Ni-Cr steel doped with Sb were studied by notched-bar testing and Auger electron spectroscopy. Nickel is required for significant segregation of Sb to grain boundaries (and concomitant embrittlement). The addition of Cr somehow makes Ni more effective in this respect; segregation of Cr was not detected. Precipitation of Cr-rich carbides, which depletes the α matrix of Cr, reduces the embrittlement susceptibility. The amount of segregated Ni is a function only of the amount of segregated Sb; it is independent of Cr or C content of the steel. Formerly Research Fellow at Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19174.     

Effects of compositional variations and aging treatments on the fracture behavior of H Y130 steel in air and hydrogen

The effects of variations in the bulk concentrations of Mn, Si, and Al on the fracture behavior of HY 130 steel were studied by means of Charpy tests, measurements of brittle fracture stress at 77 K, fracture toughness tests, and measurements of the threshold stress intensity for crack extension (K_TH) in H₂. The main focus was on temper embrittlement and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). The susceptibility to intergranular HIC was characterized by the K_TH and was directly related to the susceptibility to temper embrittlement. Both phenomena can be eliminated by limiting the Mn and Si contents of the steel and by avoiding contamination of the steel by Sn. The effect of Al is to cause a small age-hardening reaction, which can noticeably affect the tendency toward cleavage fracture, and to block part of the temper embrittlement reaction. Formerly Research Fellow, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania.     

Effect of prior austenitic grain boundary composition on temper brittleness in a Ni-Cr-Sb steel

Grain boundary segregation during temper embrittlement of an Sb-containing, Ni-Cr steel has been examined both by Auger electron analysis and by chemical analysis by neutron activation of residues of surface layers dissolved by etching intercrystalline fracture surfaces. No grain boundary segregation of either alloying additions or impurities was detected during austenitization or tempering. Redistribution of Cr, Ni, and Sb between carbide and ferrite was observed during tempering, but no grain boundary segregation was noted. Both Ni and Sb were observed to segregate to the boundaries during embrittling. The segregated Sb was shown to be uniformly distributed along the prior austenitic grain boundaries and to control the ductile brittle transition temperature of the alloy studied. Ni segregating to the prior austenitic boundaries during embrittling was shown to be localized in a phase other than the ferritic portions of the boundaries. A possible location was shown to be the ferritecarbide interfaces in the grain boundaries. Weakening of these normally tenacious carbide and ferrite interfaces could account for the change in mode of brittle failure from transcrystalline cleavage to intercrystalline along the prior austenitic grain boundaries that is observed in temper brittle steels.     

Temper embrittlement of Ni-Cr Steels by phosphorus

Temper embrittlement in 3.5 pct Ni, 1.7 pct Cr steels doped with P and isothermally aged at several temperatures was studied by measurements of ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and hardness, which were correlated with observations of the intergranular fracture surfaces by Auger electron spectroscopy and scanning electron fractography. It is shown that if all other factors remain constant, the effect of a small change in the matrix hardness can be very large; “overaging” (a maximum in embrittlement with respect to aging time) was found to result from softening rather than from a reversal of segregation of P. Nickel was found to be segregated at the grain boundaries, and both Ni and Cr appear to enhance the amount of segregated P. The major role of Cr was found to be its effect of increasing matrix hardness (by enhancing hardenability and resistance to softening during tempering), resulting in an increased susceptibility to temper embrittlement. The effect of variations in the roughness of grain boundary topography appears to be small. It is shown that the segregation of P to grain boundaries can be accounted for by diffusion from the matrix and is consistent with the hypothesis of equilibrium (Gibbsian) segregation. The results are in qualitative agreement with the thermo-dynamic theory of Guttmann. Formerly a Research Fellow at the Department of Materials Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19174.     

1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN耐热钢的回火工艺

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等研究了1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN耐热钢的回火工艺,结果指出试验钢产生第一类回火脆性的主要原因是马氏体板条界存在聚集长大的Fe_3C及M_3C脆性相,导致冲击韧性显著下降。Mo_2C与基体处于共格状态,使基体周围晶格产生很大的静畸变是次要原因;产生第二类回火脆性的原因,一是由于碳化物M_(23)C_6沿原奥氏体晶界和马氏体板条界迅速聚集并粗化,二是板条间残余奥氏体膜因碳贫化而发生热失稳分解。结合技术协议要求,为了有利于组织的稳定性,本试验钢的最佳回火工艺为580℃×2h空冷。     

Effects of chromium on the temper embrittlement and wear resistance of 0.25% C low-alloy cast steel

The effects of additions of 0.6 to 2.0% Cr on the temper embrittlement behaviour of 0.25 C–1.0 Si–1.3 Mn cast steel under several hardening conditions were studied. The susceptibility to temper embrittlement, transgranular and intergranular fracture were increased as the chromium content increased when the steels were tempered at 350°C and slowly cooled from 550°C. The impact toughness and abrasion resistance of the steels were found to depend to a great extent on the Cr-content and tempering temperature.     

作用应力对2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢回火脆性的影响

在146.7MPa的作用应力下,对加氢反应器材料2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢(%:0.15C、2.32Cr、0.95Mo、0.011S、0.009P、0.0068As、0.0035Sb、0.0079Sn、0.01V)进行468℃125h和400h的等温回火脆化试验。根据加氢反应器母材试块脱脆、脆化和应力作用3种状态冲击功和温度关系曲线,得出各状态回火脆性转变温度VTr54.2(℃)值和回火脆化度ΔVTr54.2(℃)。结果表明,温度和等温时间是导致材料回火脆化的主要因素,作用应力对2.25Cr-1Mo钢回火脆性的影响不显著。     

氮合金化对马氏体不锈钢00Cr13Ni4Mo回火性能的影响

测定了控氮00Cr13Ni4Mo(S13-4N)与低氮00Cr13Ni6Mo(S13-6)的性能,对比分析了氮元素对00Cr13Ni4Mo的强度、韧性、耐蚀性的影响。力学性能测试结果表明,回火温度≤550℃时,控氮的S13-4N比低氮的S13-6的强度更高,韧性更低;回火温度≥550℃时,规律逐渐变得相反;S13-4N在450℃左右出现回火脆性现象。电化学测试结果表明,S13-6的耐点蚀性能优于S13-4N。XRD和EBSD结果表明,两种钢在550℃以上温度回火时出现逆变奥氏体,600℃附近含量达到最大值,此时的韧性最佳,S13-6中的逆变奥氏体总量多于S13-4N,但形态不同。分析认为:氮比镍稳定奥氏体的能力强,而镍形成逆变奥氏体的能力则更强,逆变奥氏体的含量和稳定性对韧性的影响很大;S13-4N的450℃回火脆性主要是由于碳化物和氮化物的析出引起的。     

Effect of cerium on temper embrittlement of P-doped Mn structural steels

The effect of cerium on temper embrittlement of P-doped Mn structural steels has been investigated by measurements of the ductile-brittle transition temperature and observations by AES, SIMS and SEM of the fracture surfaces of isothermally embrittled steels. It is shown that P can bring about the temper embrittlement of Mn structural steels; cerium may reduce the temper embrittlement of the steels and the segregation of cerium to grain boundaries may play an important part in reducing the temper embrittlement of the steels.