几种脱色剂对菜籽油脱色效果的研究

以菜籽油的色泽红值和叶绿素含量为考察指标,比较了凹凸棒土、活性白土、活性炭和双氧水4种脱色剂对菜籽油在中低温(40~80℃)下的脱色效果,同时考察了凹凸棒土与活性炭、活性白土与活性炭组成的复合吸附脱色剂对菜籽油的脱色效果。结果表明:活性炭在较低添加量条件下可以获得与凹凸棒土和活性白土较高添加量相当的脱色效果;活性白土-活性炭复合脱色效果优于凹凸棒土-活性炭,在添加量为2%时,80℃下可使菜籽油的叶绿素含量降低32. 5%、70℃下使菜籽油色泽红值降低30. 6%;双氧水对于去除菜籽油叶绿素和降低色泽红值效果明显,70℃下,0. 4%双氧水(10%)使菜籽油叶绿素含量降低9. 0%、0. 6%双氧水(10%)使菜籽油色泽红值降低25. 0%。活性白土-活性炭脱色和双氧水脱色后的菜籽油品质指标均达到国标四级菜籽油水平;就单位质量浓度脱色剂的脱色效果来说,双氧水的脱色效率更高。     

脱色工艺中不同脱色剂对油茶籽油中苯并芘脱除效果的影响

研究了在优化的脱色条件下,脱色剂对油茶籽油中苯并芘的脱除作用。结果表明:活性炭对油茶籽油中苯并芘脱除效果显著,加入油质量3%的活性炭可以完全脱除样品中的苯并芘(苯并芘含量为7.12μg/kg);活性白土基本不具备脱除苯并芘的能力,但在活性炭中加入活性白土后,活性白土优先脱除油茶籽油中色素等杂质,为活性炭对苯并芘的脱除保留了吸附能力,使得活性炭对苯并芘的脱除效率提高,在3%活性白土的存在下,加入油质量0.3%的活性炭即可达到单独使用3%活性炭对苯并芘的脱除量,相当于将脱除苯并芘的能力提高10倍左右。     

紫果西番莲果皮可溶性膳食纤维的脱色工艺研究

以脱色率、多糖保留率和蛋白脱除率为指标,通过静态吸附脱色试验,考察几种常见脱色剂和大孔树脂对西番莲果皮可溶性膳食纤维的脱色效果。结果表明常见脱色剂中双氧水氧化法脱色效果最佳,可快速的吸附色素物质,脱色1 h后,脱色率达60%以上。硅胶、硅藻土、颗粒活性炭、粉末活性炭4种脱色剂对西番莲果皮SDF脱色效果不明显,脱色率不高于20%。5种大孔树脂对西番莲果皮SDF的脱色效果差异较大,阴离子树脂D301R的脱色作用最为明显,4 h后脱色率达到稳定,此时的脱色率为60.65%,另外四种树脂的脱色效果较差。在综合考虑脱色率,多糖保留率,蛋白脱除率的基础上,大孔树脂普遍高于常规脱色剂的脱色评价指数(≤50%)。大孔树脂中,阴离子树脂D301R脱色效果最好。     

吸附法脱除大豆油中3-氯丙醇酯及缩水甘油酯的研究

以大豆油为原料,研究了吸附剂种类、添加量对大豆油中3-氯丙醇酯的脱除效果和吸附剂种类、吸附剂添加量、吸附温度、吸附时间对大豆油中缩水甘油酯的脱除效果。结果表明:不同吸附剂对大豆油中3-氯丙醇酯的脱除效果依次为H-1号活性炭活性白土 H-2号活性炭普通活性炭凹凸棒土,所有吸附剂对3-氯丙醇酯的脱除率均较低,脱除效果相对较好的H-1号活性炭的脱除率仅达到34. 42%(添加量为油质量0. 5%),3-氯丙醇酯含量从1. 107 mg/kg下降至0. 726 mg/kg;对缩水甘油酯的脱除效果依次为H-1号活性炭 H-2号活性炭普通活性炭活性白土凹凸棒土,在添加量为2%时,前3种吸附剂对缩水甘油酯的脱除率均达到80%以上,H-1号活性炭的脱除率达到90%以上。在H-1号活性炭添加量3%、吸附时间40 min、吸附温度100℃的优化条件下,大豆油中缩水甘油酯的脱除率为95. 59%,含量从初始的2. 810 mg/kg降低至0. 124 mg/kg,可以有效脱除大豆油中的缩水甘油酯。     

医用油茶籽油的脱酸脱色新工艺研究

以茶壳为原料制备氮掺杂活性炭,采用大孔树脂与氮掺杂茶壳活性炭联合使用的双重吸附工艺对油茶籽油同时进行脱酸脱色。对氮掺杂茶壳活性炭的制备条件进行了优化,并对所得油茶籽油的质量指标进行测定。结果表明：氮掺杂茶壳活性炭的最佳制备条件为以茶壳活性炭为碳源,以咪唑为氮源,咪唑浓度0.3 mol/L,活化温度850 ℃,活化时间60 min。在最佳工艺条件下,氮掺杂茶壳活性炭的比表面积为2 876 m2/g,总孔容为1.55 cm3/g,其中微孔孔容0.65 cm3/g,中孔孔容 0.55 cm3/g,大孔孔容0.35 cm3/g。所得油茶籽油无色透明,酸价（KOH）为0.14 mg/g,过氧化值为0.50 mmol/kg,达到了医用注射用油茶籽油的质量标准。     

聚丙烯腈基活性中空碳纳米纤维制备及其性能

为制备具有较高孔隙率的聚丙烯腈(PAN)活性中空碳纳米纤维(AHCNF),以自行制备的PAN为原料,经同轴静电纺丝、预氧化、炭化、活化后制备得到AHCNF,借助X射线光电子能谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、比表面积测试仪研究了致孔剂对其形态与孔结构的影响。结果表明:制备的PAN共聚物环化温度较低,环化放热较缓和,有利于预氧化的进行;炭化过程将PAN表面的碳氧单键转化为碳氧双键,而活化过程将碳氧双键进一步转化为酯基;添加致孔剂和未添加致孔剂得到的PAN活性中空碳纳米纤维横截面呈明显的中空结构,纤维壁较为致密;添加致孔剂后,活性中空碳纳米纤维的总比表面积从55.719 m²/g增加到532.639 m²/g,孔容从0.070 cm³/g增加到0.312 cm³/g,介孔平均孔径从3.408 nm增加到4.309 nm,收率从27.14%降低到9.44%。     

改性介孔材料对贝类副产物中重金属离子的脱除性能

为研究改性介孔材料对贝类副产物中重金属离子的脱除性能,对SBA-15介孔材料分别嫁接2-巯基噻唑啉、2-巯基苯并噻唑、吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵三种不同基团,得到三种材料分别记作MT-SBA-15、MBT-SBA-15、APDC-SBA-15,然后对材料孔结构进行表征,采用三种材料吸附铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)标准溶液,考察脱除pH、脱除时间、金属离子加标浓度对脱除能力的影响,最后用APDC-SBA-15脱除贝类副产物中重金属离子,考察重金属脱除率以及营养损失率。结果表明,三种材料都具有较大的比表面积和孔容。三种材料对重金属最优脱除pH为6.0,吸附平衡时间均为30 min;当金属离子浓度为1200 mg/L时,三种材料对金属离子吸附量最大,其中APDC-SBA-15的吸附量最高,对Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu吸附量分别为223.6、240.0、259.8、259.0 mg/g。APDC-SBA-15对菲律宾蛤仔蒸煮液中Pb的脱除率为100.00%,总糖损失率为7.32%;对菲律宾蛤仔蒸煮液多糖中Pb脱除率为84.50%,总糖损失率为2.57%;对牡蛎多肽中Pb、Cr的脱除率分别为62.20%和100.00%,对可溶性蛋白质的损失率为14.62%。综上,APDC-SBA-15可以高效脱除贝类副产物中的重金属,对蛋白质、总糖等营养成分的损失率较低。     

3种脱色剂应用于大豆油脱色的效果

旨在为大豆油精炼中脱色剂的应用提供参考,以大豆碱炼油和3种常用脱色剂活性白土、凹凸棒土、中性膨润土为原料,考察了3种脱色剂对大豆油的脱色、脱皂和脱磷脂能力。结果表明：活性白土、凹凸棒土、中性膨润土添加量超过2%后,脱色率上升速率变慢;脱色剂添加量为3%时,活性白土、凹凸棒土、中性膨润土脱色率分别为92.1%、86.9%、90.7%;大豆碱炼油在426、450、479、665 nm波长处有吸收峰,可通过油样在上述4个波长处吸光度的变化来考察脱色剂的脱色能力;脱色剂添加量为1%时,活性白土、凹凸棒土、中性膨润土对叶绿素的脱除率分别为87.1%、677%、54.8%,脱皂率分别为84.5%、83.8%、78.9%,脱磷脂率分别为82.6%、83.5%、90.8%,脱色剂添加量为3%时,3种脱色剂的脱皂率和脱磷脂率均为100%。综上,活性白土的脱色效果最佳,可以通过减少碱炼油中的皂含量和磷脂含量来提升脱色剂对色素的吸附作用。     

吸附法脱除花生油中苯并（a）芘的效果研究

为了降低花生油中的苯并（a）芘含量,同时兼顾花生油色泽,采用活性炭和活性白土复合吸附剂对花生油中苯并（a）芘进行吸附脱除,通过单因素实验研究了活性炭种类、复合吸附剂添加量、复合吸附剂配比、吸附温度和吸附时间对花生油中苯并（a）芘脱除效果的影响,并采用正交实验对吸附工艺条件进行优化。结果表明：活性白土和FC1X活性炭复合对花生油中的苯并（a）芘具有最好的脱除效果,最优工艺条件为复合吸附剂添加量2%、活性白土与FC1X活性炭质量比20∶1、吸附时间20 min、吸附温度130℃,在最优条件下花生油中的苯并（a）芘含量降至0.12 μg/kg,远小于欧盟限量2 μg/kg,色泽为Y10、R0.7。复合吸附剂能有效吸附脱除花生油中99%以上的苯并（a）芘,且花生油呈淡黄色、澄清透明,满足企业生产要求。     

响应面分析法优化棉籽加工废液的脱色工艺

以棉籽加工废液为处理对象,脱色率为评价指标,通过对比活性炭粉、活性炭粒、氧化铝（Al2O3）、非极性大孔吸附树脂、极性大孔吸附树脂5种脱色剂对棉籽加工废液的脱色效果,确定最佳脱色剂种类,并通过设计单因素试验和响应面试验对棉籽加工废液的脱色工艺进行优化。结果表明,活性炭粉对棉籽加工废液的脱色效果优于其他4种脱色剂,选用活性炭粉作为棉籽加工废液的脱色剂;通过响应面优化,得到最佳脱色工艺条件为pH4.7、脱色温度65℃、脱色时间47 min,在此条件下,棉籽加工废液的脱色率可达96.29%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.