P_2O_5对于高C_3S水泥熟料烧成和水化性能的影响

主要分析了P2O5对高C3S熟料易烧性、矿物组成和强度发展及水化过程的影响。结果发现P2O5在1400℃时有效加快了CaO的吸收,使C3S的形成加快,并诱使了C3S的多晶转变:在掺量小于2.0%时,由R型(参考熟料)转变为M1型,当超过2.0%时,又开始出现了M3型;但这些影响在低于1400℃时很小。加入适量的P2O5可以提高熟料的早期强度,但是延缓了水化放热速率和降低了28天强度,当P2O5含量高于2.5%时,会有χC2S-C3P(χ=1~2)生成。综合考虑,P2O5的掺量应在1.5%以内。     

掺杂对高钙生料易烧性的影响

本文比较了外掺各种氧化物对高钙生料易烧性的影响规律。以高钙生料为基准 ,分别掺入 2 %的Li2 O、CuO、TiO2 等 13种氧化物 ,煅烧至 130 0℃和 14 0 0℃ ,测其f CaO。结果表明 :外掺氧化物改善易烧性作用大小排序 ,在 130 0℃为CuO >Co2 O3>ZnO >Li2 O >Cr2 O3>PbO >WO3>ZrO2 >TiO2 >MnO2 >MgO >P2 O5>BaO >基准样 ,在 14 0 0℃为TiO2 >ZrO2 >WO3>MnO2 >PbO >Co2 O3>MgO >基样 >ZnO >Cr2 O3>P2 O >BaO >CuO >Li2 O。煅烧温度条件不同 ,外掺氧化物对易烧性的作用效果差异很大 ,以下几种情况值得注意和深入研究 :在低温(130 0℃ )阶段明显改善易烧性 ,但在高温 (14 0 0℃ )阶段则不明显或使易烧性变差 ,如CuO ;在低温煅烧阶段改善易烧性不明显 ,但在高温阶段效果显著 ,如TiO2 ;在高温阶段易烧性明显变差 ,如Li2 O。     

污泥对水泥熟料烧成和强度的影响

利用污水处理厂污泥替代硅质原料配制多组水泥生料,污泥掺量变化范围0-10%,生料KH(石灰饱和系数)变化范围为0.88~0.97,在1400℃下煅烧,测定各熟料的f-CaO和强度,并结合XRD,SEM/EDS等分析,研究污泥掺量及生料KH对水泥熟料烧成和强度性能的影响。另外还对掺10%污泥所烧制的熟料进行了重金属溶出试验。结果表明,在生料KH保持0.94而污泥掺量变化的情况,污泥掺量在2.5%左右时对改善生料的易烧性和熟料强度均有利,而污泥超过这个掺量后,生料易烧性和熟料强度随污泥掺量增加而明显降低;在污泥掺量保持2.5%而KH变化的情况下,KH小于0.91时,掺入污泥对生料易烧性和熟料强度不利,而KH大于0.94时,污泥掺入能改善生料易烧性,对熟料强度也略有提高;即使水泥生料中污泥掺量高达10%,所烧制的水泥其重金属滤出值远远小于标准的规定值,不会对环境产生危害。从水泥生料易烧性、熟料强度和重金属溶出试验看,只要生料配比合理和污泥掺量合适,污泥可以在水泥生产中得到无害化处置和资源化利用。     

锡尾矿的组成、热特性及掺烧制备水泥熟料的研究

用ICP和X荧光对锡尾矿的组成进行了分析,尾矿主要由SiO2、Fe2O3、CaCO3、Al2O3等组成。采用XRD对尾矿在不同焙烧温度下的晶相结构进行了研究,以程序升温焙烧实验考察尾矿的热反应特性。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,尾矿的组成结构发生改变,当焙烧温度高于1050℃时,尾矿出现Ca2SiO4、Ca2Fe2O5、Ca4Al2Fe2O10晶相结构,且温度越高,其特征峰强度越大。同时,将尾矿与普通的硅酸盐水泥生料进行掺烧,当掺烧量不大于50%时,其烧成熟料凝结时间达到国家标准。而将尾矿与CaO按质量比为1∶1直接进行煅烧,在1400℃时,熟料的主要物相组成为Ca2SiO4、Ca3SiO5,与普通硅酸盐水泥熟料基本一致。     

BaO对高C3S熟料烧成的影响

针对高C3S熟料矿物体系,研究了BaO对相应的高钙生料易烧性的影响,并通过XRD、SEM研究了熟料矿物的结晶状况.结果表明:在较低烧成温度下(≤1350℃),掺入适量BaO后,能较明显地改善生料的易烧性,对矿物结晶影响不明显;但是在较高烧成温度下(＞1350℃),掺入BaO对改善生料的易烧性不利,C3S结晶程度下降,晶体尺寸均匀性降低.另外还对BaO影响高钙生料易烧性的机制进行了探讨.     

工艺因素对Bi2O3、MnO2掺杂[(Pb,Ca)La](Fe,Nb)O3陶瓷体系微波介质性能的影响

研究了烧结工艺对Bi2O3及MnO2掺杂[(Pb0.5Ca0.5)0.92 La0.08](Fe0.5 Nb0.5)O3陶瓷体系显微结构及介电性能的影响.研究表明Bi2O3及MnO2的加入可降低体系的烧结温度100～140℃,同时提高体密度.XRD图谱、SEM及微波介电性能证明950℃是最佳的煅烧温度.烧结温度对晶粒形貌有显著影响,随烧结温度的增加晶粒尺寸不断增加,但超过一定值后不断减小的气孔率又会增加.当掺杂物的质量比(Bi2O3/MnO2)K=1,掺杂物质量百分含量W=1%,烧结条件为1050℃,保温4h,体系微波介电性能可达εr=91.1,Qf=4870GHz,τf=1.85×10-5/℃.     

单矿C3S的电热辅助微波制备技术

以原料优选和烧结技术为研究重点,研究了电热辅助微波制备单矿C3S的方法。结果表明,以Ca(OH)2作为钙质原材料,易与β-SiO2生成C3S;MnO2、CuO、Ni2O3、Fe2O3均具有较好的热稳定性和吸波性,其中以掺MnO2、CuO试样的效果最好。主掺Fe2O3、辅掺MnO2后采用电热辅助微波法可制备出较高纯度的C3S单矿。     

F、S、P元素及其叠加矿化效应研究

本文系统地研究了F、S、P元素对水泥熟料矿物形成过程和组成的影响及其叠加矿化效应,并通过化学分析和XRD分析探讨了其作用机理.研究结果表明:F、S、P元素在水泥烧成中均可降低液相出现和C3S形成温度,改善易烧性,但F、S叠加矿化效果最好,而且可以改善熟料的矿物组成及性能,避免了单掺F造成的熟料活性降低等问题.     

MnO2对Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3微观结构和微波介电性能的影响

研究了MnO2助烧剂对Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3陶瓷的微观结构和微波介电性能.MnO2可以有效地使Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3陶瓷的致密化温度由1550℃降低到1400℃左右.随MnO2掺量的增加,Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3陶瓷的12超晶格衍射峰的强度减弱,但是没有第二相出现.1400℃烧结4h陶瓷的晶粒尺寸在1.5μm左右.MnO2的掺入改善了Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3陶瓷的微波介电性能,MnO2掺量为1%mol的Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3陶瓷具有最好的微波介电性能εr≈31.5,Qf=68000,τf=3.11×10-5/℃,这可归功于陶瓷具有相当高的相对密度.     

白云石掺杂制备高强度压裂支撑剂及其机理探讨

以氧化铝(Al2O3)含量67%(质量分数)的铝矾土为主要原料,白云石为烧结助剂制备了高强度压裂支撑剂;并通过烧结制度优化、物相分析与微结构表征,初步探讨了支撑剂强度提升机理。研究表明,白云石可以促进煅烧过程中液相的生成,从而起到以下作用:(1)降低制品烧成温度;(2)促进棒状莫来石晶相的发育;(3)填充孔隙,强化晶粒间的粘结作用。对比实验发现,液相对晶粒的粘结作用以及交错棒状莫来石结构是样品机械性能提升的主要原因。当白云石添加量为3%(质量分数)时,样品性能最佳,在1290～1400℃温度范围内处理的样品破碎率<6%;1350℃煅烧样品破碎率降至2.9%,样品体积密度为1.75g/cm3,视密度为3.12g/cm3。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。