超临界CO2 条件下大豆粉末磷脂氢化工艺优化

为提高大豆粉末磷脂产品的储藏稳定性,对大豆粉末磷脂在CO2 超临界状态下的氢化工艺进行深入研究。采用Pd/C 作催化剂,无水乙醇与二氯甲烷(1:3,V/V)为溶剂,进行加氢反应。最终确定了最佳工艺条件：催化剂用量4%、反应时间60min、总压力10.5MPa、反应温度70℃、搅拌速度250r/min。所得氢化大豆粉末磷脂的色泽淡黄,碘值27.81g I2/100g,稳定性较好。     

超临界CO2状态下氢化大豆浓缩磷脂的研究

在超临界CO2状态下,用Pd／C作催化剂,进行氢化大豆浓缩磷脂的加成反应。确定了高压反应釜中C02的压力为5MPa,而后加入H2至总压力为9MPa时,二氯甲烷．乙醇混合溶剂比2：1,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为70min,搅拌速度为220r／min,催化剂添加量为3．5％,产品得率为92％,碘值为35．5gI2／100g的氢化浓缩磷脂。产品抗氧化性增强,呈颗粒状,颜色为淡黄色,有利于加工、运输、贮藏,改善了浓缩磷脂在饲料中的分散性。     

大豆卵磷脂氢化催化剂的筛选

本实验通过考察Ni、二元金属Cu-Si、SRNA-2型非晶态、Pd/C四种催化剂对大豆卵磷脂氢化的影响,筛选出Pd/C作为大豆卵磷脂氢化的催化剂。选择氢化条件为:温度60℃,催化剂添加量5%,压力1.5MPa,时间3h,获得了碘值为25.4gI2/100g的淡黄色氢化大豆卵磷脂。     

Pd/C催化剂用于大豆油电化学氢化的研究初探

采用自制的质子转移膜式电化学氢化反应器,在低温(60℃)和常压条件下实施大豆油氢化反应,反应以稀甲酸盐溶液作为介质,以负载型贵金属钯/碳(Pd/C)作为催化剂,考察Pd/C催化剂量对氢化大豆油脂肪酸组成、碘值、反式脂肪酸、异构化指数和氢化反应选择性影响。结果表明:增加催化剂量有利于提高催化剂表面的氢浓度,提高氢化反应速率,并改变氢化反应选择性和同分异构化作用;结果还表明,Pd/C催化剂具有很好的稳定性,通过催化剂回收实验证明钯催化剂可重复使用5次,因而在工业化应用上仍具有竞争力。     

超临界CO_2条件下大豆油极度氢化的研究

以机榨大豆油为原料,在超临界CO_2体系中,选取Pd/C作为催化剂催化极度氢化反应,通过单因素试验,确定催化剂添加量、氢气压力、反应时间、反应温度及搅拌速度的最适量。在最优条件下制备出极度氢化大豆油的碘值为2.6 gI_2/100 g,反式脂肪酸含量为0.23%(可看作零反式脂肪酸含量),VE含量186.7 mg/kg。与常规极度氢化反应相比,反应温度降低了70℃,反应时间缩短了60 min,提高了极度氢化油的质量。Pd/C催化剂可回收重复使用6次,降低了生产成本。     

新型抑菌剂六氢—β—酸的合成工艺研究

β-酸是啤酒花软树脂中的一个重要组分,具有明显的抑菌作用,但其稳定性较差.β-酸的氢化衍生物六氢β-酸具有更明显的抗菌及抗癌的作用,是一种非常有应用前景的天然来源的抑菌防腐剂.文章通过单因素实验考察了溶剂、温度、氢气压力、反应体系的pH、Pd/C催化剂的使用量等对β-酸氢化合成六氢β-酸的反应收率的影响,实验结果表明:乙醇溶液是最理想的反应溶剂,在H2压力0.4～0.6MPa,乙醇浓度90%～95%,温度40～60℃,KOH(10%)的用量为1%～2%的务件下,Pd/C催化剂(10%)量为10%时,六氢β-酸的反应收率可达85%以上.     

Pd/碳纳米管催化转移氢化大豆油工艺优化及动力学分析

为降低油脂氢化过程中反式脂肪酸的含量,本实验以自制的Pd/碳纳米管（Pd/carbon nanotubes,Pd/CNTs）为催化剂,在催化转移氢化体系中氢化大豆油,通过响应面试验以大豆油碘值为响应值摸索最优工艺条件,同时对催化转移氢化大豆油进行动力学分析。结果表明：最佳工艺条件为氢化温度84 ℃、催化剂添加量0.20%（以体系质量计）、甲酸铵供体浓度0.33 mol/50 mL、氢化时间90 min,产品的三烯酸、二烯酸和单烯酸反应速率常数分别为4.9×10－2、8.7×10－3和8.31×10－4,氢化亚麻酸和亚油酸的选择性高达5.63和10.47,氢化后大豆油碘值为95.3 g/100 g,反式脂肪酸相对含量仅为10.2%。采用催化转移氢化的方式进行油脂氢化,对制备低反式氢化油脂具有一定的研究意义和应用前景,也可为油脂氢化工业的发展提供一定的理论依据。     

超临界CO2状态下小麦胚芽油加氢反应的研究

对小麦胚芽油在超临界CO2状态下的氢化工艺进行了研究.实验采用Pd/C作催化剂,通过单因素与正交实验,确定了最佳工艺条件:催化剂用量0.08%,反应时间40 min,温度80℃,总压力8 MPa,搅拌速度200 r/min.在此条件下,所得氢化小麦胚芽油的碘值(Ⅰ)为72.6 g/100 g,VE含量为2.453 g/kg.     

金荞麦高聚原花青素的氢化降解反应

以金荞麦提取高聚原花青素为原料,通过氢化降解的方法将高聚原花青素变为低聚原花青素,研究温度、压力、催化剂、时间对于氢化降解转化率的影响.结果表明:在反应温度为120℃,反应压力为3MPa,Pd/C催化剂用量为0.3 g/150mL.反应时间为3.5 h时,降解效果为最佳,平均聚合度由6.3降为2.2.并且经过HPLC分析确定,得到降解效果.     

超临界CO_2状态下氢化维生素E的研究

在超临界CO2状态下,用Pd/C作催化剂,对维生素E进行加氢反应以增加产品稳定性。以产品碘值为考察指标,通过单因素试验与正交试验,确定最佳工艺条件为:催化剂Pd/C(Pd含量为5%)用量0.15%,反应时间90 min,反应温度100℃,反应总压力9 MPa,搅拌速度300 r/min。在此条件下,所得氢化维生素E产品碘值(I)由106.2 g/100 g降至51.2 g/100 g,而维生素E含量变化较小。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.