荣成鲜海带及其干、盐制品的营养成分分析

目的对荣成鲜海带及其干、盐制品的营养成分进行全面分析与评价。方法采用常规方法测定荣成干海带、荣成盐渍海带的营养成分,并与荣成鲜海带进行对比。结果荣成盐渍海带中粗纤维、膳食纤维、总糖、褐藻胶含量较高,荣成干海带中甘露醇含量较高;3种海带共检测出16种氨基酸,其中7种为必需氨基酸,蛋白质组成均符合FAO/WHO推荐的理想蛋白质模式,且荣成盐渍海带的必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(essential amino acid/total amino acids,EAA/TAA)和必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(essential amino acid/non-essential amino acid,EAA/NEAA)值最高;荣成鲜海带的必需氨基酸指数(essential amino acid index,EAAI)最高,为74,荣成干海带的EAAI最低,为59;以氨基酸评分(amino acid score,AAS)为标准时,3种海带的第一限制性氨基酸都为赖氨酸,而以化学评分(chemical score,CS)为标准时,荣成干海带的第一限制性氨基酸是赖氨酸,荣成盐渍海带和荣成鲜海带的第一限制性氨基酸是赖氨酸和异亮氨酸。3种海带中矿物质元素含量丰富,其中盐渍海带中钠的含量最高,为8.24×10~4(干重计)。重金属分析表明3种海带重金属含量都符合食品安全国家标准。结论本研究中采集的荣成鲜海带及其干、盐制品具有较好的营养价值。     

海带的营养与保健

海带属海洋藻类中的褐藻类,具有很高的经济价值和广泛的用途。海带是一种优良的海洋蔬菜,含有多种矿物质和维生素,尤其是碘的含量十分丰富。此外,海带中还含有一定量的蛋白质、碳水化合物以及多种活性物质。因此海带对人体的营养与保健具有独特的作用。 一、海带的营养成分 １．产热营养素 每１００ｇ干海带中含１．８ｇ蛋白质,０．１ｇ脂肪,１７．３ｇ碳水化合物。每１００ｇ海带可为人体提供７７ｋｃａｌ能量,为低热能食品。 ２．膳食纤维 每１００ｇ干海带中膳食纤维含量为６．１ｇ,膳食纤维在人体中具有独特的营养功能,它能够…     

海带饮料脱腥工艺研究

海带含有丰富的营养,海带的蛋白质中含有18种氨基酸,矿物质含量高,且含有铁、钴、钾及叶绿素等可以补血的成分。含有多种维生素,特别富含碘,有植物中的碘库之称。目前我国的海带除直接烹饪食用外,加工品甚少。海带饮料能使人们在喝饮料的同时得以补充碘等海带所特有的营养成分。但是海带具有严重的海腥味,本文介绍其脱腥方法。     

海带的选购和食用

海带是一种海藻类蔬菜。既可野生又可以养殖。目前多以养殖为主。海带生长在海底。是一种纯天然的海洋植物，常长成大片，故有海底森林之称，一般长度在3—4m左右；海带喜在水温较低的浅海中生长，是一种经济价值较高咸寒无毒的海洋产品。海带产品目前主要有三种：干海带、盐渍海带和速食海带。干海带是以鲜海带直接晒干或加盐处理后晒干的淡干、盐干海带。     

食用海带品系营养成分分析与评价

对“海天1号”、“海天2号”和“海天3号”3 种食用海带新品系及厚叶海带的营养成分进行分析。结果表明：除灰分外,海带基本营养成分中粗蛋白、褐藻胶、甘露醇含量较高。“海天1号”和“海天2号”海带的粗蛋白含量最高,均为10.7%。“海天3号”海带的粗脂肪含量最少,为0.3%;“海天1号”海带的碘和褐藻胶含量最高,分别为0.47%和28.2%;“海天3号”海带的甘露醇含量最高,为15.1%。氨基酸成分分析表明几种海带的总氨基酸含量在5%～7%之间,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的30%～40%。矿物质元素中含量较多的是Ca、Mg和Fe等元素。     

东海红藻龙须菜的营养成分分析及评价

分析龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)的主要营养成分、18 种氨基酸及矿物质的含量,并与其他藻类如海带、紫菜、羊栖菜等进行营养学对照评价。结果表明,龙须菜的主要成分是多糖类和粗纤维,占藻体的59.4%,蛋白质含量18.9%,在几种海藻中较高。氨基酸组成均衡,必需氨基酸(EAA)占氨基酸(TAA)总量的36.6%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.58;呈味氨基酸占总量的51.5%;谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸等含量相对较高。脂肪含量较低,为0.8%。矿物质和维生素含量丰富,其中Mg、Fe、Ca、Na、Zn 等含量都很高,尤其是Fe、Mg 含量高于海带、紫菜。 因此龙须菜是一种高膳食纤维、高蛋白、低脂肪的富含矿物质的食用海藻。     

海带的不同软化方法及其对碘的影响

海带不易软化且软化过程中易造成营养成分的流失,常见的软化方法有碱液浸泡、醋酸处理、高压蒸煮、磷酸盐处理等。本试验采用以上4种方法处理后,测定其主要理化指标——碘含量,进行统计分析,选出最佳的工艺方法。结果显示,以3%的醋酸溶液250ml,70℃下经35min处理,感官指标高,碘损失少,为比较理想的软化方法。     

贮藏方式对三种野菜品质的影响

实验通过对运城市常见3种野菜荠菜、藜菜和苣荬菜分别进行冷藏、冷冻、盐渍、常温放置4种处理,测定了其Vc、硝酸盐和蛋白质含量。结果表明,4种贮藏方式对野菜品质的影响有显著差异,盐渍对野菜中蛋白质,Vc的含量降低最多,冷藏处理则最少;盐渍对野菜中硝酸盐的含量增加最多,冷冻处理则最少。贮藏后3种野菜中蛋白质、Vc的含量均低于鲜样,硝酸盐均高于鲜样。测定方法简便快速准确,对指导人们合理食用野菜和进一步开发野菜提供了可靠的理论依据。     

海带酱和五香海带丝的制法

海带营养价值较高,尤其富含碘,可预防和辅助治疗甲状腺肿大并有降低血脂的作用.但海带在食用时不易煮软,经过加工制成的海带制品,不仅保持了海带的全部营养成分,而且味道可口,便于吸收、下面介绍两种制法.     

不同烹调方法对食材中矿物质保留因子的影响

研究不同食材在不同的烹调方式下对食材中矿物质元素含量的影响。将食材分别进行浸泡、不同切洗顺序、不同煮制时间、不同炒制温度下的处理,分别记录烹调前后质量,测定烹调前后食材中矿物质元素的含量,并计算相应的保留因子。结果表明:经过不同的处理以及不同的烹调方式,食材中的矿物质元素均有不同程度的损失。浸泡、煮会使食材中矿物质元素损失较多,炒的烹调方式矿物质元素损失相对较少。     

基于主成分分析的鲜海带营养品质评价

为科学地对鲜海带的营养品质差异进行评价,采用主成分分析法对大连、霞浦、荣成地区的13个鲜海带的19种主要营养成分(膳食纤维、褐藻胶、甘露醇、碘、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸、蛋氨酸、镁、钾、钙、铁、锌、锰、磷、钠)进行分析,建立了鲜海带的营养品质评价方法,并对13种鲜海带的营养品质进行排序。结果表明,13种鲜海带的营养品质存在明显差异,铁、锌、锰、碘元素的变异系数较大,分别为97%、66%、66%、58%,其余指标的变异系数均超过15%,部分营养成分之间存在一定的相关性;通过主成分分析法提取出5个主成分,累计贡献率为87.428%,第1主成分主要由甘露醇、甘氨酸和丝氨酸决定,第2主成分主要由碘、锌和锰元素决定,第3主成分主要由镁元素和天冬氨酸决定,第4主成分主要由膳食纤维和褐藻胶决定,第5主成分主要由钾和磷元素决定,表明甘露醇、海带多糖、甜味氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和矿物质元素对海带营养品质评价的贡献率较高,可作为衡量海带营养品质评价的重要指标。主成分分析可以较好地用于鲜海带营养品质评价。综合得分结果表明,采集自霞浦地区的样品6号海带品质较优,采集自荣成地区的样品13号、样品12号、样品11号海带次之。     

Nutritional comparison of fresh,frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables II. Vitamin A and carotenoids,vitamin E,minerals and fiber

In this second part of our review, we examine the literature for changes in carotenoids, vitamin E, minerals, and fiber due to processing, storage, and cooking of fresh, frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables. While inconsistencies in methodology and reporting methods complicate interpretation of the data, the results show that these nutrients are generally similar in comparable fresh and processed products. The higher levels of carotenoids typically found in canned as compared to fresh products may be attributed to either reporting results on a wet rather than dry weight basis, greater extractability, or differences in cultivars. There are relatively few studies on processing, storage, and cooking effects on vitamin E in fruits and vegetables. Further research is needed to understand nutritional changes in those few fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin E, such as tomatoes. Minerals and fiber are generally stable to processing, storage, and cooking, but may be lost in peeling and other removal steps during processing. Mineral uptake (e.g., calcium) or addition (e.g., sodium) during processing can change the natural mineral composition of a product. Sodium concerns in canned food can be addressed by choosing products with no salt added. Since nutrient content varies considerably by commodity, cultivar, and postharvest treatments, inclusion of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables in the diet is encouraged. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of variety and processing on nutrients and certain anti-nutrients in field peas (Pisum sativum)

The effect of variety and processing (soaking, cooking and dehulling) on nutrients and anti-nutrients in field peas (Pisum sativum) was investigated. Analysis of variance showed that variety had a significant effect on crude protein, starch, ash, soluble dietary fibre (SDF), insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), total dietary fibre (TDF), trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), minerals, phytic acid, sucrose and oligosaccharides. Soaking and cooking increased protein content, IDF, TDF, Ca, Cu, Mn and P in peas whereas ash content, Fe, K, Mg, Zn, sucrose and oligosaccharides were reduced. TIA was increased by soaking but reduced by cooking. Cooking was more effective than soaking in reducing oligosaccharides. Dehulling increased crude protein, starch, K, P, phytic acid, stachyose and verbascose content but reduced SDF, IDF, TDF, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Mn.     

不同海域浒苔品质差异评价

为系统地比较我国不同海域的浒苔原料品质,采用常规理化方法对浒苔中的膳食纤维、多糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物元素、灰分、有害元素进行分析,并结合SPSS对各类成分进行差异性比较。结果表明,浒苔中功效成分和有害成分存在较大的海域差异,具有地域优势性。与其他海域相比,山东青岛浒苔中总膳食纤维、可溶性膳食纤维、水溶性多糖含量最高,分别为49.33%、22.03%、16.92%;江苏盐城浒苔中粗蛋白含量最高为38.70%;江苏南通浒苔中氨基酸组成最接近理想蛋白模式;山东青岛浒苔鲜味氨基酸含量最高,达90.53 g/kg;浙江宁波浒苔EPA相对含量最高,占总脂肪酸的1.19%;江苏南通浒苔中铁元素含量最高,达4967.41 mg/kg;江苏南通浒苔酸不溶性灰分含量最高,达5.66%;除汞外,各海域浒苔中砷、铅、镉、铬含量多超过藻类制品、保健食品最高允许限量,其中青岛浒苔各有害元素含量相对较低。该实验可为浒苔资源的进一步研究开发提供更加详尽的理论依据。     

Effect of Domestic Processing and Cooking on In Vitro Protein Digestibility of Moth Bean

Protein digestibility (in vitro) of dry seeds of moth bean cultivars varied significantly from 58.69 to 62.06%. The protein digestibility improved significantly when the seeds were given different domestic processing and cooking treatments including soaking, sprouting, ordinary cooking and pressure cooking. Pressure cooking of the seeds presoaked in plain water or mixed mineral salt solution had the most pronounced effect.     

海蜇盐渍加工过程中质构与组织结构的变化

目的探究盐渍加工过程对海蜇品质的影响。方法本实验以不同加工阶段的海蜇为研究对象,采用质构学和组织学斱法,分析其加工过程中质构及组织结构的变化。结果鲜海蜇水分高达98.49%,随着盐渍加工过程的迚行,海蜇体内水分不断降低,三矾海蜇水分为51.27%,总体重量减少67.07%。鲜海蜇硬度值为(1151±178) g,加工过程中海蜇的硬度值不断增大,三矾海蜇硬度值达到(17680±2423) g。鲜海蜇肌肉纤维分布均匀,没有出现纤维聚结成束和断裂的情冴;随着盐渍加工时间的延长,肌肉纤维逐渐聚集成明显的纤维束,开始出现严重的断裂情冴,最终杂乱无章地分布。结论海蜇盐渍加工过程中肌肉组织网络结构发生变化、空间排列改变,表现为组织收缩幵变得坚韧,最终导致质构等品质发生变化;因而在实际生产中要严格控制加工工艺。     

The enrichment of Asian noodles with fiber‐rich fractions derived from roller milling of hull‐less barley

Fiber‐rich fractions (FRF) derived from roller milling of waxy (W) and high amylose (HA) starch hull‐less barley genotypes were evaluated for suitability as functional ingredients in fresh and dried white salted (WSN) and fresh yellow alkaline (YAN) noodles. FRF‐W and FRF‐HA both contained over 300 g kg⁻¹ dietary fiber, and over 200 g kg⁻¹ of β‐glucans. Replacement of 250 g kg⁻¹ Canada Prairie Spring White (cv AC Vista) wheat patent flour with the FRF posed no problems in noodle processing, although water absorption had to be substantially increased. All three noodle types enriched with the FRF were significantly darker and contained more brown specks than the wheat flour control noodles. The presence of the FRF reduced cooking time of fresh YAN and WSN by ∼50%. The addition of FRF improved cooked YAN texture, as evidenced by increased firmness and resistance to compression. FRF‐enriched fresh WSN were comparable to the wheat flour control noodles for those parameters, whereas enrichment of dry WSN by FRF imparted less firmness and less chewiness. FRF‐enriched fresh YAN and WSN offer consumer convenience due to shorter cooking time, improved nutritional quality and acceptable cooking quality. These features might make FRF‐enriched noodles sufficiently attractive to health‐conscious consumers to overcome the negative effects of color and appearance Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dietary Fiber in Processed Lentils

Effect of soaking (distilled water, 0.1% citric acid (CA) and 0.07% sodium bicarbonate (SB) solutions), and cooking (distilled water) was studied on dietary fiber components of lentils. A high increase of protopectin, total pectic substances (PS), and dietary fiber (DF) was observed in soaked lentils (dry matter basis). Soaking in CA and in SB solutions led to an appreciable increase of hemicellulose (HMC) and neutral detergent fiber, but not in lentils soaked in water. Cooking the previously soaked lentils, reduced the amount of DF, due to a drastic loss of HMC, although cellulose and lignin increased. PS content of cooked lentils, previously soaked in CA and SB was still higher than in raw lentil.     

食用菌海带发酵产物清除自由基能力的研究

为了研究食用菌海带发酵产物制备膳食纤维清除自由基的能力,在羟基自由基以及超氧阴离子自由基体系下,对食用菌、海带以及食用菌海带发酵产物制备膳食纤维进行了清除自由基能力的研究,食用菌海带发酵产物对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除效果与样品质量浓度成正相关,其清除超氧阴离子自由基能力不如清除羟自由基的能力。