自组装法制备CMCS/PEG纳米粒子及其pH值响应性研究

以壳聚糖(CS)为原料与氯乙酸反应制备羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS),再将聚乙二醇(PEG)和CMCS以不同的质量比溶解在不同pH值的溶液中,通过氢键相互作用自组装形成CMCS/PEG纳米粒子,并研究其粒径大小与二者配比和溶液pH值之间的关系。结果表明,不同配比下的粒子粒径均随pH值的增大先增大后减小;当pH5时,在相同pH值溶液中,随着PEG比例的增加,粒子的粒径先减小后增大,在pH=1.22、PEG∶CMCS=4∶1时粒径最小,约为160nm;当pH≥5时,在相同pH值溶液中,粒径随PEG用量的增加而增大;通过自组装法制备的CMCS/PEG纳米粒子粒径大小具有pH值响应性。     

离子凝胶法制备壳聚糖纳米微粒

采用离子凝胶法,以不同浓度壳聚糖溶液与多聚磷酸盐(TPP)溶液配比反应制备壳聚糖纳米微粒,观察了壳聚糖、多聚磷酸盐浓度、壳聚糖与多聚磷酸盐的质量比和反应体系pH值对纳米微粒制备的影响。在壳聚糖与多聚磷酸盐溶液浓度分别为0.6~3.0 mg/mL与0.5~1.5 mg/mL时,保持质量比在3∶1~6∶1之间,可稳定得到壳聚糖纳米微粒;当pH值为5.0~6.0时壳聚糖纳米微粒保持稳定,当pH>7.0则出现沉淀。     

水溶性马来酰化壳聚糖的制备及其pH响应研究

以碳酸钠为催化剂,室温下制备了水溶性的马来酰化壳聚糖.由红外光谱分析的结果说明了马来酸酐成功接枝到壳聚糖分子上,且酰化反应后的壳聚糖的热性能较壳聚糖有了很大提高.采用MPT-2自动滴定仪和Nano-ZS粒度仪对不同pH值下的颗粒粒径和Zeta电位进行测定,发现存在2个等电点:pH=2.24和pH=5.45.     

水溶性壳聚糖纳米粒子的制备及其BSA载药性能

为了避免高分子量壳聚糖水溶性差以及增溶剂乙酸可能带来的负面作用,本文选择低分子量水溶性壳聚糖 (WSC)作研究对象,采用三聚磷酸(TPP)作交链剂制备不同WSC/TPP比率的WSC纳米粒子,并用于牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)的释放载体。经测得为球形形貌的纳米粒子空载和载药时粒径、Zeta电位分别在35～190 nm、35～42 mV。红外光谱及X–射线衍射证实了纳米粒子中WSC的氨基与TPP的磷酸基团发生了交联反应。纳米粒子载药性能试验表明在0.05～1 mg/mL范围内随着BSA浓度的增大,纳米粒子的载药量增加而负载率降低。体外释放实验表明水溶性壳聚糖纳米载体对蛋白质药物具有缓释特征。因此,水溶性壳聚糖有望成为新的载体应用于蛋白质药物的控制释放。     

丁二酸酐酰化壳聚糖-g-PHB纳米微球的制备与表征

首先用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)将壳聚糖(CS)的氨基进行保护,得到油溶性产物SCS;以二丁基镁为引发剂引发β-丁内酯开环聚合合成聚β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB),以六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)为改性剂对PHB端基进行活化;然后将PHB接枝到SCS分子链上得到两亲性接枝聚合物SCS-g-PHB;再将壳聚糖氨基脱保护,得到CS-g-PHB;用丁二酸酐酰化得到具有一定pH值响应性的丁二酸酐酰化接枝聚合物SC-g-PHB;最后,通过层层自组装技术制备了具有核壳结构的SC-g-PHB纳米微球;并通过FTIR、1 HNMR、TGA、SEM、TEM和DLS对其结构进行了表征。结果表明,CSg-PHB的接枝率为21.5%,SC-g-PHB纳米微球具有明显的核壳结构,粒径在200nm左右,是一种新型的靶向药物载体。     

负载辅酶Q10的两亲性聚肽-壳聚糖复合纳米粒的制备及性质研究

以两亲性聚肽-壳聚糖复合体系为壁材,采用自组装及离子凝聚法制备负载辅酶Q10的纳米粒子,探讨了制备纳米粒子的较佳条件,采用高分辨率透射电镜、动态激光散射仪、紫外光谱及Zeta电位分析仪对优化的聚肽-壳聚糖复合体系纳米粒子进行表征,结果表明:聚肽-壳聚糖复合体系纳米粒子是具有壳核结构的球型粒子;纳米粒子粒径大小在80 nm到300 nm之间,粒径分布较均匀,稳定性较好,粒子的载药率为3.46±0.3%,包封率为59.7±2.1%。24 h的累积释放为75%。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备粒径可控的纳米钛酸铅

纳米钛酸铅是一种应用广泛的压电材料。采用溶胶-凝胶法研究了纳米钛酸铅的制备,考察了凝胶的煅烧温度、反应物的浓度及溶胶的反应温度对纳米颗粒粒径的影响和变化规律。研究表明,控制钛酸丁酯-醇溶液浓度为0.100～1.000 mol/L、醋酸铅-醋酸浓度为0.500～1.500 mol/L、溶胶反应温度为70～90℃、凝胶煅烧温度为400～800℃,可制备出平均粒径在20～50 nm范围的近似球形的四方相纳米钛酸铅。制备条件对纳米钛酸铅的粒径有显著影响:随溶胶反应温度和凝胶煅烧温度的升高,所制备纳米钛酸铅平均粒径增大;当醋酸铅-醋酸溶液浓度为1.500 mol/L,随钛酸丁酯-醇溶液浓度由0.100 mol/L增大至1.000 mol/L,所制备纳米钛酸铅粒径先增大后减小。制备粒径可控的纳米钛酸铅对其性能及应用具有重要的价值。     

TiO2纳米粒子的制备及表征

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2纳米粒子,并利用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱仪和傅立叶转换红外光谱仪对TiO2纳米粒子的形貌、结构和尺寸进行了表征。结果表明:TiO2纳米粒子为近球形,粒径为12~15nm左右的锐钛矿型纳米晶;TiO2溶胶薄膜中粒子均匀分散,有较好的均一性;TiO2纳米粒子表面富氧,含有较多的TiOH基团;TiO2纳米粒子尺寸对反应体系的pH值很敏感;不同尺寸的纳米粒子在紫外区均有较强吸收,并表现出吸收带边蓝移效应。     

壳聚糖及丁二酸酐酰化壳聚糖双氧水降解行为的研究

在简单均相体系下．研究了壳聚糖及丁二酸酐酰化壳聚糖在双氧水中的降解特性。采用鸟氏粘度计，利用一点法测量了降解过程中壳聚糖及丁二酸酐酰化壳聚糖的分子量，讨论了该体系下壳聚糖及丁二酸酐酰化壳聚糖的降解速率．通过红外光谱分析了双氧水对低分子量壳聚糖和低分子量丁二酸酐酰化壳聚糖结构的影响。结果表明．在该体系下·壳聚糖及丁二酸酐酰化壳聚糖的降解主要发生在反应开始后的2～3h内．此后降解产物的分子量逐渐趋于20000；相同条件下，丁二酸酐酰化壳聚糖的降解程度高于壳聚糖；红外光谱表明．采用该降解体系制备的降解产物主链结构基本没有发生变化。     

琥珀酰基月桂酰壳聚糖的制备及性能

以丁二酸酐和壳聚糖(CS)为原料合成亲水性琥珀酰基壳聚糖(SCS),然后与月桂酰氯通过酰化反应制备了两亲性的琥珀酰基月桂酰壳聚糖(LSCS)。采用FTIR和1HNMR对壳聚糖衍生物进行了结构表征。LSCS的琥珀酰基的取代度为41.27%,月桂酰基的取代度为6.32%。改性后的壳聚糖在pH<3.0和pH>6.5时溶解度较好,在等电点及附近的pH范围内溶解度降低。LSCS具有较强的分子间相互作用,随其质量分数增加溶液黏度显著增加,且在质量分数达到2%时可形成物理凝胶。该物理凝胶对NaCl浓度较敏感,随着NaCl浓度的增加,凝胶强度减小。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。