新型有机磷-氮协同阻燃剂的合成与应用

以三聚氰胺钠盐和苯基磷酰二氯为原料，合成了新型有机磷-氮阻燃剂苯基磷酰二三聚氰胺(PPBM)。最佳合成工艺为：氮气保护下，三聚氰胺钠盐和苯基磷酰二氯的物质的量比为2.1∶1，三聚氰胺钠盐溶解于四氯化碳后，苯基磷酰二氯缓慢滴入，75℃下反应6 h后加蒸馏水反应1 h，抽滤，蒸馏水洗涤，干燥，收率为92.4%。傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱的表征结果显示合成产物与目标化合物PPBM结构一致，热重-差热分析结果表明，PPBM具有良好的热稳定性和较高的残炭率。将PPBM应用于886A不饱和聚酯树脂中，垂直燃烧测试、极限氧指数测定的结果表明，PPBM具有较好的膨胀成炭性和优良的阻燃效果。通过燃烧后残炭的扫描电子显微镜表征分析了PPBM的阻燃机理，同时也进一步证明了PPBM具有良好的磷-氮协同增效阻燃性能。     

N-(4-溴-2,6-二氯苯基)吡嗪-2-胺的合成与表征

本文报道N-(4-溴-2,6-二氯苯基)吡嗪-2-胺(2)的合成及表征。在浓H₂SO₄存在的条件下，3-[(4-溴-2,6-二氯苯基)氨基]吡嗪-2-腈(1)脱除氰基，得到目标化合物N-(4-溴-2,6-二氯苯基)吡嗪-2-胺(2)。产物结构经过¹HNMR、ESI-MS及XRD单晶衍射表征。考察反应条件发现，当浓H₂SO₄用量为■为10∶1，乙醇为反应溶剂，在80℃条件下反应10h，产物收率达到90.3%。     

氟咯草酮的合成研究

以N-烯丙基-间-三氟甲基二氯乙酰苯胺为原料,在催化剂作用下重排制得氟咯草酮,对反应条件进行了研究,得出了合成氟咯草酮及相关中间体的优惠条件为:铜催化剂用量的7.5g/mol,反应温度110℃反应时间3h。中间体N-烯丙基-间-三氟甲基苯胺的反应收率超过90%,N-烯丙基-间-三氟甲基-二氯乙酰替苯胺的收率超过95%,氟咯草酮的收率超过85%,产品纯度超90%。     

N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(3,4-二氯苯基)脲合成工艺研究

采用对氯苯胺和3,4-二氯苯基异氰酸酯合成了N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(3,4-二氯苯基)脲,考察了溶剂用量、n(3,4-二氯苯基异氰酸酯)∶n(对氯苯胺)、反应时间和反应温度对反应的影响。实验表明:在溶剂邻二氯苯55mL,n(3,4-二氯苯基异氰酸酯)∶n(对氯苯胺)=1∶1,反应时间1h,反应温度145℃的工艺条件下,产品收率平均值达99.0%,熔点250~255℃(技术目标250~255℃),产品质量分数为99.7%,残留在产品中的对氯苯胺仅为32×10-6。     

N-苯基-2,2-二(4-氯苯氧基)乙酰胺的合成

在无水碳酸钾存在下,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DNF)为溶剂,由二氯乙酰氯和苯胺反应,制备了中间体N-苯基二氯乙酰胺.进而,中间体与4-氯苯酚反应,得到标题化合物.着重考察了反应温度、反应时间、物料物质的量比对目的产物收率的影响,确定了合成工艺条件为:反应温度80℃,反应时间4 h,n(N-苯基-二氯乙酰胺):n(4-氯苯酚):1.0:2.2,在此条件下,标题化合物的产率达75%以上.化合物的结构经IR、1HNNR、元素分析进行了表征.     

N-(2,4-二氯苯基)环丙酰胺类化合物的合成与植物生长调节活性

以丙二酸二乙酯为原料经过多步反应合成了N-(2,4-二氯苯基)环丙酰胺-1-羧酸(cyclanilide),收率为45%;另外以丙二酸二乙酯为原料经过缩合、MIRC环化、水解和酰化反应合成了具有结构相似性的化合物N-(2,4-二氯苯基)-2,2'-二甲基环丙酰胺-1-羧酸(化合物2),收率80%;目标化合物的结构通过IR和H NMR确证后进行植物生长调节活性测试,结果发现它们对小麦芽鞘均有明显抑制作用,对黄瓜子叶都有促进生长作用,且化合物2无论在抑制和促进方面都比化合物cyclanilide效果好.     

N-(4-氯苯基)-N’—(3,4-二氯苯基)脲的合成研究

以3,4-二氯苯胺和对氯苯异氰酸酯反应制备N-(4-氯苯基)-N’—(3,4-二氯苯基)脲,以甲苯为溶剂,在回流状态下反应2小时,反应完毕,冷却到0-5℃,过滤,洗涤,重结晶得白色针状结晶,收率可达95.0%以上。     

N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(3,4-二氯苯基)脲的合成研究

以3,4-二氯苯胺和对氯苯异氰酸酯反应制备N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(3,4-二氯苯基)脲,以甲苯为溶剂,在回流状态下反应2小时,反应完毕,冷却到0-5 ℃,过滤,洗涤,重结晶得白色针状结晶,收率可达95.0%以上.     

分散橙AUL的合成工艺研究

本文介绍了以2,6-二氯对硝基苯胺为重氮盐与N-甲基-2-苯基吲哚偶合制备高日晒分散橙AUL的工艺条件。通过单因素实验对配料比、反应温度、反应时间及转晶pH各个因数进行分析,确定了最佳的反应条件:2,6-二氯对硝基苯胺∶N-甲基-2-苯基吲哚(摩尔比)=1.05∶1,浓硫酸∶N-甲基-2-苯基吲哚(质量比)=5.0∶1,偶合温度为0~5℃保持10小时,再升温至35~40℃保持3小时,转晶的pH为3.0~3.5。产品的HPLC在96%左右,收率在98%以上。经性能测试,分散橙AUL及其分散黑色复配物具有优良的日晒牢度。     

二烯丙基苯基膦的合成与表征

以苯基磷酰二氯（DCPPO）和烯丙基氯为原料,制备了环氧树脂中间体二烯丙基苯基膦（DAPPO）。通过FT-IR和^1H—NMR对反应产物结构进行了表征,同时还测定了产物的熔点及磷含量。探讨了反应的原料比、温度、时间对该反应的影响。获得了最佳反应条件：DCPPO与烯丙基氯格氏试剂物质的量之比为1：2．2,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为12h,收率53％。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.