低价硫化物法直接提取铝的热力学研究

本文利用铝的低价硫化物（AlS）在高温下存在，低温下不稳定容易分解得到金属铝的特性，从热力学角度引入“物质吉布斯自由能函数法”讨论在不同压力下，氧化铝、硫化亚铁与还原剂碳的反应生成低价硫化物（AlS）的条件。研究表明在常压下反应在2480K以上发生；而在真空度（即残压）为300Pa-15Pa时，反应在1800K-1610K时就能进行，比常压下降低了680K-870K，同时用氧化铝、硫化亚铁与还原剂碳在真空炉内试验，验证了理论研究的正确性。为生产工艺的研究提供了热力学理论依据和试验基础。     

真空下生成低价氟化铝的热力学分析

本文从热力学角度引入“物质吉布斯自由函数行列式法”讨论在不同压力下氧化铝、氟化铝与还原剂碳的反应生成低价氟化物（AIF）的条件。研究表明在常压下反应在2100K以上发生；而在真空度为350～28Pa时，反应在1800～1500K时能进行，比常压下降低了300-600K，为生产工艺的研究提供了热力学理论依据和试验基础。     

二氧化硅在真空低价法制备铝过程中的歧化行为研究

本文引入"物质吉布斯自由能函数法"讨论在低价氟化法制备铝过程中,二氧化硅在不同压力和温度下生成低价氧化硅及其分解的热力学条件并进行了实验验证.研究得出:在100kPa时,二氧化硅与还原剂碳反应在1937K以上才能生成低价氧化硅;而当系统残余压力在100Pa～10Pa内时,在1463K～1352K以上即可以生成低价氧化硅;体系压力在100Pa～10Pa范围内,即低价氧化硅歧化分解温度在1535K～1415K间进行.实验结论:采用真空碳热还原铝土矿实验,在系统压力为150Pa,反应温度为1450℃时,得到含硅为4.87%的金属铝,铝纯度达到95.13%.实验验证了理论研究的正确性,为生产工艺的研究提供了热力学理论依据和实验基础.     

二氧化钛在低价化合物法制备铝过程中的歧化行为研究

利用"物质吉布斯自由焓函数法",讨论了不同压力下低价化合物法介取铝过程中二氧化钛生成低价氧化钛及低价氧化钛分解的热力学条件.研究得出:在100 kPa时,二氧化钛与还原剂碳反应在2373.96 K以上才能生成低价氧化钛;而当系统残余压力在100～10 Pa时,在1743.41～1613.46 K即司以生成低价氧化钛;在残余压力为105～10 Pa范围,温度在1890 K以下都可以进行低价氧化钛的歧化分解.     

用磷矿石真空制备黄磷的热力学研究

引入“物质吉布斯自由能函数法”讨论在不同压力下，磷酸钙、二氧化硅与还原剂碳的反应生成黄磷的热力学条件。研究表明在常压下反应在1460K以上发生；真空条件下，压力降到60～6Pa时，反应在1066～984K时就能进行，比常压下降低了446～476K。真空下磷矿石制备黄磷的热力学研究为工艺实验研究提供理论依据。     

高温下氧化物与氟化物电解质反应研究

利用Factsage热力学软件预测分析了高温下典型氧化物分别与氟化物AlF3、Na3AlF6及K3AlF6之间的化学反应,并采用氧化物粉末与电解质混合和氧化物烧结体浸泡两种实验方法验证了900℃时氧化物与电解质的反应。采用X射线衍射仪及扫描电子显微镜等分析了试样的物相组成和显微结构。结果表明:主族元素氧化物普遍比过渡元素氧化物易于和含AlF3、Na3AlF6及K3AlF6的电解质反应;并且CaO.6Al2O3、MgAl2O4、Mg2TiO4、Al2TiO5、NiFe2O4与AlF3、Na3AlF6及K3AlF6电解质反应程度依次减弱;基于浸泡实验发现,降低烧结试样的显气孔率能有效提高其抗电解质侵蚀性能。     

三氧化二铝在低价化合物法制备铝过程中的歧化行为研究

利用"物质吉布斯自由焓函数法",讨论了不同压力下三氧化二铝生成低价一氧化铝及低价一氧化铝分解的热力学条件.研究得出:在100 kPa时,三氧化二铝与还原剂碳反应在3097.86 K以上才能生成低价一氧化铝;而当系统压力在100～10 Pa内时,温度在2372.07～2194.31 K以上就可以生成低价一氧化铝;在压力为105～10 Pa范围,温度在2544.02 K以下低价一氧化铝都可以进行歧化分解.     

真空下低价氯化铝生成及其分解热力学简化研究

利用新的热力学研究方法一"物质吉布斯自由焓函数法"对不同压力下三氧化二铝生成低价一氯化铝及低价一氯化铝分解进行热力学条件的简化计算.研究得出:在100 kPa时,三氧化二铝在有还原剂碳存在下与三氯化铝反应需在2069.75 K以上才能生成低价一氯化铝,而当系统压力在100～10 Pa内时,温度在1294.49～1374.79 K以上就可以生成低价一氯化铝;在压力为105～10 Pa范围,1538.061～1049.311 K以下都可以进行一氯化铝的岐化分解,简化计算与实验事实更接近.     

真空下低价二氯化铝生成及其分解热力学简化研究

对不同压力下三氧化二铝与碳、氯化铝在低价氯化物法炼铝过程中生成低价二氯化铝及低价二氯化铝分解的热力学条件进行简化计算.研究得出:在100 kPa时,三氧化二铝与还原剂碳反应在1896 K以上才能生成低价二氯化铝;而当系统压力在100～10 Pa内时,温度在1294～1396 K以上就可以生成低价二氯化铝;在压力为105～10 Pa范围,1195～829 K以下都可以进行二氯化铝的岐化分解,而且温度降低,温度越低,歧化分解越容易进行,且简化计算与实验事实更接近.     

真空铁热还原氧化锂制备金属锂的热力学分析与实验初探

通过相关的热力学理论计算,对常压及真空条件下以碳酸锂为原料分解成氧化锂以及铁热还原氧化锂制备金属Li进行了热力学分析,计算结果表明:常压下碳酸锂很难发生分解反应,当系统压力降到1Pa时,碳酸锂的临界分解温度降为889K,并且真空中用铁还原氧化锂制备金属Li是可行的.并根据计算设计进行了铁还原氧化锂实验,实验结果表明:在热力计算上,系统压强为1～5Pa,温度为1423～ 1573 K的条件下,金属铁能还原出金属锂,锂的还原率为48％以上.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.