荞麦面条配方优化及其体外消化特性

荞麦是一种营养丰富的小杂粮,通过在小麦中添加荞麦可提升传统面条的营养价值,满足消费者多元化的营养需求。该研究通过单因素试验考察加水量、荞麦粉添加量、谷朊粉添加量、食盐添加量和魔芋胶添加量对于荞麦面条蒸煮特性和质构特性的影响,之后选取荞麦粉、谷朊粉、食盐和魔芋胶添加量4个因素进行正交试验,确定荞麦面条的最佳工艺：荞麦粉添加量16%,谷朊粉添加量4%,食盐碱添加量0.9%,魔芋胶添加量0.2%。此外,比较最佳工艺下制备的荞麦面条与小麦面条特性,结果显示,荞麦面条的咀嚼性、剪切力、拉伸强度和拉伸距离高于小麦面条。荞麦面条和小麦面条在消化终点时淀粉水解率分别为78.55%和85.44%;荞麦面条中抗性淀粉含量比小麦面条高6.18%,荞麦面条血糖生成指数比小麦面条低3.32。     

低GI面条的研制及其体外淀粉消化特性研究

面条是我国的传统主食，深受人们喜爱，但其淀粉含量高、消化速度快，不适合糖尿病人食用。本研究以低升糖指数（glycemic index,GI）原料米糠粉和高直链玉米淀粉部分替代小麦粉的混合粉为主料，以谷朊粉、魔芋粉和菊粉为辅料，利用响应面试验优化面条的配方，并分析面条的体外淀粉消化特性。结果表明：低GI面条最佳配方为：米糠粉添加量17%，高直链玉米淀粉添加量10%，谷朊粉添加量6%，魔芋粉添加量6%，菊粉添加量4%。在此配方下制作的面条筋道爽滑，口感较好，感官评分较高，同时，其快消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著低于小麦粉面条（P <0.05）；低GI面条GI值为49.35，与小麦粉面条GI值相比降低了32.83%，且小于55，为低GI食品，适合糖尿病人食用。     

淀粉种类及性质对鲜湿面条品质的影响

将不同种类的淀粉添加到面粉中,对混合粉制成的鲜湿面条进行色泽、蒸煮品质和熟面条质构的测定,分析淀粉的种类、特性及添加量对面条品质的影响。结果表明:马铃薯淀粉使混合粉的峰值黏度明显增高,玉米淀粉能够有效改善面条的色泽,其次是马铃薯淀粉。随着淀粉添加量的增加,面条的干物质吸水率减小,干物质损失率先减小后增加,添加5%~10%的马铃薯和木薯淀粉的面条蒸煮品质较好;小麦和马铃薯淀粉面条的硬度和咀嚼性较高,木薯淀粉面条的黏聚性好,马铃薯淀粉和木薯淀粉的拉伸距离较大。马铃薯淀粉直链淀粉含量低,糊化性能好,可以有效改善面条的品质,但添加量不应超过10%。     

马铃薯淀粉添加量对混合粉面团特性及发酵面条消化性的影响

为促进马铃薯主食化战略,本文通过添加不同含量的马铃薯淀粉,对面团特性及发酵面条的蒸煮特性、质构特性及消化特性等指标进行测定,探究马铃薯淀粉添加量对其的影响。结果显示：随着马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加（0%～55%）,混合粉的糊化起始温度降低,热焓值增加,终止温度无明显变化;混合粉面团的吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间均呈下降趋势,使得发酵面条的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性均显著下降（P<0.05）。模拟淀粉体外消化发现淀粉水解速率随马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加而升高,与对照组相比,添加马铃薯淀粉后血糖生成指数预测值显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：马铃薯淀粉添加量为45%时,混合粉面团及发酵面条的糊化、质构特性和消化特性较好。     

共轭亚油酸对玉米淀粉理化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪和动态流变仪研究了共轭亚油酸对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化性质、热学性质和流变学性质的影响。研究表明,添加相同量的共轭亚油酸使普通玉米淀粉的峰值黏度等黏度值增加,对高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉的糊化性质影响不显著。添加共轭亚油酸使普通玉米淀粉糊化焓值增加,添加量为1%时其糊化焓值增加幅度最大。添加2%的共轭亚油酸使高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉糊化焓值降低,其中蜡质玉米淀粉糊化焓值降低尤为明显,下降了17%。添加2%的共轭亚油酸,可抑制高直链玉米淀粉的短期老化和长期老化,老化率分别由0.45、0.63降低到0.31、0.55。添加共轭亚油酸增加3种玉米淀粉的表观黏度和稠度系数,增加普通玉米淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉的贮能模量和损耗模量,降低其tanδ值,促进其形成弹性凝胶。     

压热-冷却循环工艺对淀粉理化特性及消化动力学的影响

以高直链玉米淀粉和普通玉米淀粉为原料,采用压热-冷却循环工艺分别制备糊化淀粉、老化淀粉及抗性淀粉,测定各淀粉样品的理化指标及消化动力学。研究结果表明,由普通玉米淀粉经过压热处理制备的糊化淀粉和老化淀粉具有最佳的溶胀度和冻融稳定性(P0.05);老化普通玉米淀粉和老化高直链玉米淀粉中的慢消化淀粉含量显著增加(P0.05);消化动力学分析表明抗性淀粉样品中的RS含量与平衡浓度、水解指数、血糖指数呈负相关,SDS在不影响平衡浓度的情况下,能够缓慢持续释放能量。压热循环处理不仅能够显著改变淀粉的理化性质,而且改性处理后的老化淀粉和抗性淀粉能够作为脂肪模拟物得以广泛应用。     

粒径和面筋蛋白含量对面条中淀粉体外消化性的影响

为研究粒径和面筋蛋白含量对面条中淀粉体外消化性的影响,在不同粒径的小麦面粉中分别添加0%、5%和10%的面筋蛋白制作中式面条,烘干研磨后分离出大颗粒与小颗粒面条,研究面条样品的形貌特征、结构特性热力学特性和淀粉体外消化特性。结果表明,随着面条中面筋蛋白含量增加,面条表面的平滑度增强,糊化温度升高而焓值降低,且蒸煮后面条中形成的面筋网络面积增加。体外消化动力学结果显示随着面粉粒径的减小或面筋蛋白含量的增大,淀粉消化程度降低。     

玉米抗性淀粉的添加对面条品质的影响北大核心

以普通玉米淀粉为原料,经高温高压蒸煮、冷却、回生后,制备RS3型玉米抗性淀粉,按一定的比例添加到面条中。对面条的蒸煮性质、质地、感官等各个指标进行分析,研究玉米抗性淀粉的添加量对面条品质的影响。结果表明:随着玉米抗性淀粉的增加,面条的弯曲断条率逐渐增加,吸水率逐渐降低,蒸煮损失逐渐升高;面条的硬度和黏着性明显降低,弹性没有显著性差异,但趋势是降低的,黏聚性逐渐下降,胶着性和咀嚼度显著降低,回复性逐渐下降;面条的总体感官评价逐渐降低,但差异不显著。     

玉米抗性淀粉的添加对面条品质的影响

以普通玉米淀粉为原料,经高温高压蒸煮、冷却、回生后,制备RS3型玉米抗性淀粉,按一定的比例添加到面条中。对面条的蒸煮性质、质地、感官等各个指标进行分析,研究玉米抗性淀粉的添加量对面条品质的影响。结果表明：随着玉米抗性淀粉的增加,面条的弯曲断条率逐渐增加, 吸水率逐渐降低,蒸煮损失逐渐升高;面条的硬度和黏着性明显降低,弹性没有显著性差异,但趋势是降低的,黏聚性逐渐下降,胶着性和咀嚼度显著降低,回复性逐渐下降;面条的总体感官评价逐渐降低,但差异不显著。     

外源淀粉对鲜湿面条品质影响

不同淀粉来源影响面条品质,为探讨外源淀粉对鲜湿面条品质影响,该实验选取6种外源淀粉作为试材,比较不同来源淀粉在相同添加量和同源淀粉在不同添加量下对鲜湿面条感官品质、蒸煮品质及TPA指标的影响,并分析外源淀粉添加对面粉糊化特性的影响。研究表明:随外源淀粉添加量增大,面条感官得分先增大后减小,面条的干物质吸水率增加,干物质损失率和熟断条率先减小后增大,面条的各TPA测定指标先增大后减小。添加6%马铃薯淀粉的混合粉制作出的面条品质较好,感官得分最高,为(93.40±2.41)分,面条的各TPA指标均最大,硬度7 411.832 g、粘着性1.917 g·s、弹性0.927、咀嚼度6 018.793、回复性0.859;添加外源淀粉后面粉糊化峰值粘度有所升高,糊化温度有所下降,其中添加6%马铃薯淀粉时的变化最显著,其糊化峰值粘度为1 860cp,糊化温度为71℃。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖对面条品质及其淀粉体外消化的影响

本实验研究了魔芋葡甘聚糖对面条烹煮和质构品质及其淀粉体外消化的影响。采用质地剖面分析、扫描电 子显微镜和体外淀粉消化模型的方法研究质量分数0～5.00%添加量的魔芋葡甘聚糖对面条质构、烹煮及体外淀粉 消化性质的影响。结果表明：面条吸水率和膨胀率随魔芋葡甘聚糖添加量增加而升高,而烹煮损失率则先升高后降 低,在2.50%魔芋葡甘聚糖添加量时达到最低。面条质地剖面分析性质随着魔芋葡甘聚糖添加量的增加而改善,而 坚实度则下降。魔芋葡甘聚糖还可降低面条体外淀粉消化时葡萄糖释放速率,添加5.00%魔芋葡甘聚糖时面条升糖 指数值降低12.22%。实验结果表明,魔芋葡甘聚糖不但可改善面条品质,还可改善面条的营养性质,并且添加量在 2.50%时品质最佳。     

冻融循环处理对玉米淀粉凝胶结构及颗粒理化特性的影响

本文研究了不同次数(0、1、2、3、4、5和6次)的冻融处理对糊化后的普通玉米和糯玉米淀粉凝胶理化性的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜对淀粉凝胶的微观结构进行分析,测定了凝胶化淀粉的碘蓝值、碘结合力、最大吸收波长、透明度、持水性、溶解度与膨胀力、水解特性和体外消化性。普通玉米淀粉凝胶呈孔状结构,糯玉米淀粉凝胶冻融2次后出现层状结构,二者孔径和层距都随冻融次数增加而减小。冻融循环处理对两种凝胶化玉米淀粉的碘蓝值、碘结合力、最大吸收波长和直链淀粉含量均无显著性影响。随冻融次数增加,普通玉米淀粉的透明度、持水性、RDS与SDS含量逐渐减小,而溶解度、膨胀力、水解率和RS含量逐渐升高;而糯玉米淀粉的透明度、持水性、溶解度和膨胀力逐渐减小,RDS、SDS和RS含量及水解率均无显著性变化。     

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Molecular Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Corn Starch

ABSTRACT:  Carboxyl content and amylose leaching of gamma-irradiated corn starch increased and swelling factor decreased with increasing radiation dose. The apparent amylose content decreased gradually from 28.7% for native starch to 20.9% for 50 kGy irradiated starch. The proportion of short amylopectin branch chains (DP 6 to 12) increased, while the proportion of longer branch chains (DP ≥ 37) decreased with increasing radiation dose. The relative crystallinity and the degree of granule surface order decreased from 28.5% and 0.631 in native starch to 26.9% and 0.605 in 50 kGy irradiated starch, respectively. Pasting viscosity and gelatinization temperatures decreased with an increase in radiation dose. At a high dose (50 kGy), melting of amylose–lipid complex in DSC thermogram was not observed. The rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content slightly decreased up to 10 kGy but increased at 50 kGy. The resistant starch (RS) content slightly decreased at 2 kGy and then increased up to 50 kGy. The slowly digestible starch (SDS) content showed the opposite trend to RS content. Slower irradiation dose rate reduced carboxyl content, swelling factor, and amylose leaching. The apparent amylose content and amylopectin chain length distribution were not significantly affected by dose rate of gamma irradiation. However, the relative crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy increased with slower dose rate. Slower dose rate decreased RDS and SDS contents, and increased RS content.     

Kinetics of Starch Gelatinization During Extrusion Cooking

Ordinary corn (30% amylose) and waxy corn (1% amylose) were extruded at 17.8, 20, 30, 40 and 42.2% product moisture contents (d.b.) and extruder barrel temperatures of 116°, 120°, 140°, 160° and 164°C. Screw speeds of 93.5, 100, 130, 160 and 166.5 rpm were used to generate different residence times. The extruded products were evaluated for extent of starch gelatinization. Results indicate that the degree of gelatinization decreased with increasing moisture content but increased with increasing temperature. Starch gelatinization exhibited pseudo-zero-order reaction kinetics with higher rate constants for waxy corn than for high amylose corn. The rate constants decreased with decreasing temperature.     

淀粉组成对荞麦面条食用和烹调品质的影响

为比较不同品种荞麦挤压面条的煮制及食用品质差异,分析其与荞麦淀粉组成的关系,研究选取八种具有代表性的苦荞、甜荞麦品种,制成挤压面条,对其煮制损失、吸水率、质构特性及感官品质进行考察;同时测定荞麦粉的直链、支链淀粉含量,分析淀粉组成与荞麦挤压面条各品质间的相关性。结果表明：在粘性、拉伸力及感官评定三个食用品质评价指标中,甜荞面条优于苦荞面条;而在烹调品质方面,甜荞与苦荞间无显著差异。总的来看,面条品质甜荞以西农9976为最佳;苦荞以西农9920为最佳。相关性分析显示,直链淀粉含量与煮制损失间存在显著性正相关关系（r=0.878）;支链淀粉含量显著影响面条的吸水率（r=0.917）,粘性（r=0.740）和硬度评分（r=-0.689）。结果说明不同品种荞麦面条的食用品质差异显著,支链淀粉含量是影响荞麦挤压面条食用品质的重要因素。     

Characteristics of Different Types of Starch in Starch Noodles and Their Effect on Eating Quality

Several commercial starch noodles made from legume, tuber, geshu (kudzu and sweet potato) and fernery starches were used to study the characteristics of starch in starch noodles and their effect on eating quality of starch noodles. Scanning electron microscopy observation found that the special inner structure of starch noodles was composed of some broken starch granules and some gel-like substances. Tuber and legume starches had the highest and lowest solubility, swelling power, swelling factor, setback, breakdown, peak viscosity, and final viscosity, respectively. Legume and tuber starches had the highest and lowest gelatinization temperature, respectively. Tuber and geshu starches had the highest amylose leaching rate, while legume starches owned the lowest value (p < 0.05). Tuber starches had the highest conclusion temperature of gelatinization (151.12~158.86°C). Fernery starches had the lowest value of retrogradation enthalpy (967.33 J/g dry starch). Legume starch noodles had the lowest broken rate (0.00~1.67%), swelling ratio (332.64~343.57%), and cooking loss (2.40~2.74%), and the highest hardness (87.47~93.29 g/mm2), shear deformation (0.49~0.52), and elasticity (0.58~0.62), However, tuber and fernery starch noodles did the opposite, tuber and legume starch noodles had the highest and lowest cohesiveness, respectively. All the above cooking and starch properties test results of starch noodles demonstrated that, compared with others, legume starch noodles are relatively well in eating quality. The correlation analysis showed that the cooking and physical quality of starch noodles could be perfected significantly by improving the swelling and pasting properties for starch of starch noodles, while thermal properties had no obvious influence on them.     

超微粉碎对苦荞面条品质特性的影响

为提高苦荞麦的利用价值和苦荞面条的食用品质,利用超微粉碎技术制备超微苦荞麦粉,考察超微粉碎和超微粉粒径对苦荞麦粉的粉质特性及其面条品质特性的影响。结果表明,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的破损淀粉质量分数显著增加（P＜0.05）,面粉亮度值由72.20升高至77.48。同时,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升（P＜0.05）。超微粉碎技术的应用提升了苦荞麦粉的整体糊化特性,使得面团能够更快成型,稳定时间延长,面团的黏弹性增强,内部网络结构愈发均匀致密。利用超微粉制作全苦荞麦面条,断条率显著下降（P＜0.05）,最佳蒸煮时间和蒸煮损失最多减少约50%,质构特性显著改善。     

Effect of Cooking Time,Steeping and Lime Concentration on Starch Gelatinization of Corn During Nixtamalization

White dent corn was nixtamalized under different conditions to evaluate thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), swelling power and solubility. Cooking time was the factor that had the major influence on the behavior of the evaluated parameters as indicated by the analysis of variance. Onset and peak temperatures of gelatinization increased with increasing cooking time while gelatinization enthalpies decreased, indicating that more starch granules were gelatinized. A decrease in the swelling power was also observed at increasing cooking times, but solubility was significantly inhibited only if steeping was allowed. Considering these results, it was assumed that amylose‐lipid complexes are being formed during cooking and reorganized during steeping. X‐ray studies confirmed the presence of amylose‐lipid complexes. Steeping also caused an increment in the peak temperature that seemed to support the hypothesis of recrystallization or annealing occurring during this nixtamalization step. Temperature ranges indicated that in general, lime acted as a factor for structural disorganization.     

淀粉来源及预处理方式对淀粉接枝共聚反应的影响

以[Mn(H2P2O7)3]3-为引发剂,对不同来源淀粉与丙烯腈的接枝共聚反应进行了研究,考察了淀粉预处理方式对淀粉接枝共聚反应的影响.结果显示:用颗粒淀粉进行接枝共聚反应时,接枝效果受到淀粉颗粒大小的影响;用糊化后的淀粉进行接枝共聚反应时,最终制得产物的吸水率较高,并部分地依赖淀粉中直链和支链淀粉的含量.淀粉的预处理如糊化、氧化、酸解对接枝效果都有一定的影响.