管内超临界二氧化碳强迫对流传热浮升力效应数值研究

基于实验数据对管内超临界二氧化碳强迫对流传热中浮升力效应进行了数值研究。研究表明:较低质量流速和较高热流密度工况下,浮升力作用明显,进而引起流道径向和轴向速度重新分布,浮升力较强时甚至出现径向M形速度分布;当M形速度分布对应的零速度梯度点出现在粘性底层边缘时会明显弱化湍流的生成和扩散,引起传热恶化。基于实验工况的拓展计算表明:降低壁面热流密度、增大质量流速以及提高入口温度可以不同程度地缓解浮升力效应引起的传热恶化。     

单棒通道流动振荡诱发沸腾临界可视化实验研究

为深入分析沸腾两相流动振荡诱发沸腾临界的影响特性,本文以去离子水为工质,横截面19 mm×19 mm、中心为外径9.5 mm的单棒通道为研究对象,通过在不同热工参数下开展沸腾两相流动特性可视化实验研究,结合汽泡行为和汽-液界面特性,分析流动振荡诱发沸腾临界的影响特性。研究结果表明,低压力、低质量流速和低入口过冷度下,极易出现流动振荡,并导致沸腾临界提前发生,此时的临界热流密度与稳定工况下相比明显偏低;随着壁面热流密度不断增加,流道中两相流型先后出现泡状流、弹状流、合并弹状流、搅混流、剧烈搅混流、不稳定环状流;当流动出现剧烈振荡时,流道存在回流;发生沸腾临界时流道压降波动最大,对应的流型为不稳定环状流。因此,单棒通道内流动振荡可能会导致沸腾临界提前发生。      

用于同轴喷射流引起的温度振荡数值模拟的湍流模型有效性研究

本文采用Fluent软件对同轴喷射流冷热流体搅混引起的三维温度振荡现象进行数值模拟。模拟中，分别选取几种代表性的湍流模型，如大涡模拟(LES)、雷诺应力模型(RSM)及标准k-ε模型。并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比，发现：LES是最适合预测冷热流体搅混特性的模型；LES可准确预测温度振荡在半径、高度和方位角方向的平均温度，而雷诺平均法(RANS)的结果则延长了流体的混合过程；LES可预测流体的瞬态温度振荡，RANS则无法预测。     

平行喷口流动引起温度振荡流固热耦合数值模拟研究

本文基于FLUENT软件,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对平行喷口冷热流体搅混产生的流固热耦合现象进行了数值模拟。首先将模拟值与实验值进行了对比,验证了模拟方法的正确性。其次,针对多种入口工况进行计算和分析,得出:某一时刻,流体温度处于波谷时,热量从固体传递给流体,下一时刻,当流体温度处于波峰时,热量则从流体传递给固体,故而形成了流固间周期性的热传递现象;随着固体厚度的增加,温度振荡的振幅呈非线性减小,但频率不变;随着入口速度的增加,流体和固体温度振荡的主频逐渐增大,当速度从0.5 m/s变化到1.5 m/s时,主频率可从2 Hz升高到11 Hz。     

压力容器环形下降段内含硼溶液流动混合特性的数值模拟分析

发生堆芯应急冷却安注时,外部注入的含硼冷却剂与稀释水团将在环形下降段内发生混合,含硼冷却剂与稀释水团混合不均匀可能导致堆芯重返临界。本文基于Fluent 18.0对环形下降段内的流动混合特性进行分析。横截面的速度分布显示,入口截面的水平方向速度随周向位置的增加而显著衰减,而环形下降段下部区域横截面的速度分布趋于平缓;三维流线图显示,流体进入压力容器后在环腔内壁发生剧烈碰撞,随后绕环形下降段呈放射状流动。通过自定义硼酸溶液,并模拟其与稀释水团之间混合,数值结果与相关的实验研究结果较为一致;三维浓度分布显示,雷诺数较低时入口硼酸溶液将停滞在环形下降段上部空间,增加入口雷诺数有利于搅混均匀。     

不凝结气体对蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡强度的影响

对含不凝结气体(空气)的蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡特性进行了实验研究。研究发现,含有少量不凝结气体时,蒸汽浸没射流凝结形态发生显著变化。含不凝结气体的压力振荡强度较纯蒸汽时明显变小,但含有少量不凝结气体的压力振荡强度随空气质量分数的增加整体呈缓慢上升趋势。压力振荡强度随径向距离的增加而单调减小,随轴向距离的增加先增大后逐渐减小,存在压力振荡峰值,且随空气质量分数的增加,压力振荡峰值位置沿轴向后移。压力振荡峰值位置在轴向无量纲距离X=3和X=12之间。不同过冷水温度下,压力振荡峰值随空气质量分数变化的趋势不同。压力振荡峰值的位置即压力振荡最强的位置位于核心汽羽的尾部。     

不凝结气体对蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡强度的影响

对含不凝结气体（空气）的蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡特性进行了实验研究。研究发现，含有少量不凝结气体时，蒸汽浸没射流凝结形态发生显著变化。含不凝结气体的压力振荡强度较纯蒸汽时明显变小，但含有少量不凝结气体的压力振荡强度随空气质量分数的增加整体呈缓慢上升趋势。压力振荡强度随径向距离的增加而单调减小，随轴向距离的增加先增大后逐渐减小，存在压力振荡峰值，且随空气质量分数的增加，压力振荡峰值位置沿轴向后移。压力振荡峰值位置在轴向无量纲距离X=3和X=12之间。不同过冷水温度下，压力振荡峰值随空气质量分数变化的趋势不同。压力振荡峰值的位置即压力振荡最强的位置位于核心汽羽的尾部。     

双D形流道内超临界二氧化碳传热特性数值研究

对简单双D形流道内超临界二氧化碳传热特性进行数值研究。重点研究了热流体质量流速对换热功率和换热效能的影响,以及热流道失流工况对传热特性的影响。研究表明:随着热流体质量流速增加,换热器换热功率增加,换热器换热效能降低;换热器的换热能力受冷热流体温差驱动,热流体失流时换热器换热能力下降,壁面温度降低,与定热流密度传热存在一定差异。     

直流蒸汽发生器稳态与瞬态特性数值模拟

直流蒸汽发生器内二次侧流体被一次侧流体加热，其轴向热流密度分布与两侧流体运行参数密切相关。采用RELAP5/MOD4.0程序对直流蒸汽发生器的稳态与瞬态运行特性进行数值模拟研究，获取了直流蒸汽发生器热工参数的振荡特征，并进一步探究了一个周期内不同时刻的二次侧流体的质量流量、热流密度及管壁温度的瞬时轴向分布以及二次侧入口节流对流动振荡的影响。结果表明:对流加热工况下轴向热流分布主要取决于一次侧流体和二次侧流体之间的温差。当直流蒸汽发生器内发生密度波振荡时，一次侧出口温度及总加热功率均剧烈振荡。干涸点的位置大幅移动，且其附近的壁温强烈波动，可通过增大二次侧入口节流抑制流动振荡。      

不同窄缝宽度下窄矩形通道中沸腾临界可视化流型及触发机理

窄矩形通道因具有结构紧凑等优点而被广泛应用于各个领域。为完善窄矩形通道中临界热流密度（Critical Heat Flux,CHF）的预测方法,提高反应堆安全性和经济性,本文进行了不同窄缝宽度下窄矩形通道内CHF可视化试验来探索CHF触发机理。实验同步采集不同窄缝宽度下可视化结果和热工水力数据,结果发现：当窄缝宽度分别为5 mm、3 mm、2 mm和1 mm时,在发生CHF时,通道内流型分别对应泡状流、弹状流、搅混流和环状流。在发生CHF前,在泡状流、弹状流和搅混流都存在温度波动。在环状流中CHF涉及到区域由初始的干斑逐渐扩展;在搅混流时CHF涉及到的区域较小;而弹状流涉及到的区域最广;在泡状流中加热壁面温度波动频率最高。当系统压力在1～4 MPa范围内、在窄缝宽度为1 mm时,系统压力与CHF之间存在非线性关系,而在其余通道中随着系统压力增加CHF增加。因此,窄缝宽度对窄矩形通道中CHF有非常重要的影响。本文分析结果可为CHF机理模型的建立提供思路。     

以R134a为工质的乏燃料池非能动冷却热管实验研究

随着分离式热管不断被提出用于核电站非能动余热排出方案中,开展针对大尺度分离式热管的换热性能的实验研究变得日益迫切。为此,本文开展了以R134a为工质的304不锈钢材质的分离式热管传热特性实验研究,获得了热管整体换热性能、蒸发段内部温度分布特性,以及热源温度和冷凝段外风速对热管工作温度、换热量、换热系数和循环流量的影响。热管蒸发段内R134a经历过冷、两相和过热状态,其中两相区域较长,达6.6 m,因而具有较好的换热能力,在所研究的工况下换热量最高达21 kW。参数敏感性分析表明,热源入口温度和冷凝段风速的增大能促进热管的换热性能,特别是热源入口温度的影响更显著。冷凝段风速较小时,其对换热量的影响较为显著,然而随空气速度的增加,影响降低。此外,依据试验数据拟合得到了换热量与冷热源温差的经验关系式,能在工程应用中快速预测热管的性能。     

Experimental investigation of turbulent transport of momentum and energy in a heated rod bundle

Turbulent air flow in a central channel of heated 37-rod bundles with triangular array at two different pitch-to-diameter ratios (P/D=1.12 and P/D=1.06) was investigated. Measurements were performed with a hot-wire probe with x-wires and an additional temperature wire. Time mean velocities, time mean fluid temperatures, wall shear stresses and wall temperatures, turbulent quantities such as the turbulent kinetic energy, all Reynolds stresses and all turbulent heat fluxes were measured at two different pitch-to-diameter ratios in a central channel of the bundle. It is shown that with decreasing gap width the turbulence field in rod bundles deviates significantly from that in a circular tube. Also, data on the power spectral density functions of the velocity and temperature fluctuations are presented. These data show the existence of large-scale periodic fluctuations of velocity and temperature in the gap region of two adjacent rods. These fluctuations are responsible for the high intersubchannel heat and momentum exchange. Spectral measurements with two hot wire probes imply a distinct similarity of motion of vortices in adjacent subchannels of the bundle.     

Investigation on two-phase critical flow for loss-of-coolant accident of pressurized water reactor

The previous investigations were mainly conducted under the condition of low pressure,however,the steam-water specific volume and the interphase evaporation rate in high pressure are much different from those in low pressure,Therefore,the new experimental and theoretical investigation are performed in Xi‘an Jiaotong University.The investigation results could be directly applied to the analysis of loss-of -coolant accident for pressurized water reacor.The system transition characteristics of cold leg and hot leg break loss-of -coolant tests are described for convective circulation test loop.Two types of loss-of-coolant accident are identified for :hot leg” break,while three types for “cold leg”break and the effect parameters on the break geometries.Tests indicate that the mass flow rate with convergent-divergent nozzle reaches the maximum value among the different break sections at the same inlet fluid condition because the fluid separation does not occur.A wall surface cavity nucleation model is developed for prediction of the critical mass flow rate with water flowing in convergentdivergent nozzles.     

立式倒U型管蒸汽发生器倒流现象及初步分析

文章涉及中国核动力研究设计院自然循环实验装置单相稳态自然循环实验过程中立式倒U型管蒸汽发生器(UTSG)模拟体一次侧流体的流动特性。实验观察到：1)UTSG模拟体进口腔室压力低于出口腔室压力；2)UTSG模拟体入口腔室温度较热段温度有一陡降。通过对该实验现象的分析可以判定，在单相自然循环工况下，UTSG模拟体中某些传热管内出现了倒流。实验结果表明，倒流的出现使UTSG模拟体自然循环工况下的流动阻力系数较强迫循环工况下的明显增大。      

On LBE natural convection and its water experimental simulation

This paper deals with stability and distribution of coolant flow in a pool type of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) cooled accelerator driven system (ADS) under natural convection conditions. Two approaches are proposed for solving the problems, namely, (i) theoretical model for stability analyses; (ii) water experimental simulation for the flow distribution in the natural convection state.The stability analysis is carried out based on a simplified integral flow model, where hot and cold free surface oscillations are taken into account. There is a transition from an absolutely stable state under the forced convection condition to a damped oscillation state under the natural convection condition.Reynolds, Richardson (Grashof) and thermal power similitude laws are revealed for the water experimental simulation. The water model scale, power and other factors can be determined by the similitude laws. By choosing the inlet and outlet temperatures even the local Reynolds number law can be approximately satisfied. By the variation of the inlet temperature in the water experiment several similitude solutions are presented. In particular, they are shown in detail for the model scale one to one. It is concluded that the water experiment can be applied for the simulation of LBE natural convection flow in a pool type of reactor.     

Optimization of Hot Gas Chamber in High Temperature Reactor

The flow field in the hot gas chamber of the High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGCR) was studied with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program CFX5. On the basis of the experimental studies, the velocity field, pressure field and temperature field in the hot gas chamber and hot gas duct were obtained, and the simulation's accuracy and reliability were validated by comparison with the results of previous experiments. Two other design schemes of the hot gas chamber were calculated in order to determine which hot gas chamber would be optimal for minimizing temperature differences at the inlet of the heat exchanging components. The results indicated that there was much highly turbulent twisting flow in the hot gas chamber, which was responsible for the excellent temperature mixing effect of the hot gas chamber. But the flow in the rib region was calm, and this fact hindered the heat transfer between the hot and cold gas. The temperature mixing coefficient increases with the increase of the hot gas duct's distance from the hot gas chamber. The hot gas chamber without ribs was more beneficial to the heat transfer between air flows with different temperatures, so the hot gas chamber without ribs was indicated as the optimal design.     

管型对波动管热分层现象的影响分析

为分析评价压水堆核电厂稳压器波动管管型对热分层现象的影响,提出采用螺纹管来减弱热分层的措施。利用计算流体力学（CFD）分析方法,对升温、升压阶段波动管原型和改进模型的热分层现象进行数值模拟,得到两种模型不同波动流速下沿波动管轴线方向的截面最大温差分布以及流场分布。对比分析结果表明：波动管结构由光管改为螺纹管后流场紊动加强并出现涡流,冷热流体间的混合增强,与原型相比可使波动管的截面温差减小约1/3,从而有效地减弱热分层的影响。     

Application of Temperature Fluctuation to Anomaly Detection in Fuel Assemblies

Abstract

Experiments on reactor malfunction diagnosis were conducted with an out-of-pile water loop with effective use made of subassembly outlet thermocouples. On-line measurements were carried out on temperature fluctuation amplitude, as well as on the average temperature. Experimental results revealed that the temperature fluctuation amplitude depends on the difference between the temperatures at channel inlet and at the point of observation and that monitoring of the temperature fluctuations should serve well for detecting of flow reduction and/or local hot spot in the fuel assemblies. The temperature fluctuation is also shown to serve effectively as indicator for measuring the transit time of fluid flow.

Preliminary estimations on the temperature fluctuation amplitude made for the LMFBR indicate that the fluctuation amplitude should serve amply for effectively detecting anomalies in the fast breeder fuel assembly.     

Numerical study of the MHD flow characteristics in a three-surface-multi-layered channel with different inlet conditions

A 3D MHD flow simulation was conducted to clarify the effects of the inlet flow conditions on the results of the validation experiment carried out previously and on the design window of the first wall using a three-surface-multi-layered channel. MHD pressure drop was largely influenced by the inlet condition. The numerical model with turbulent velocity profile showed qualitatively good agreement with the experimental result. The first wall temperature and pressure distributions obtained by the 3D simulation corresponded well to those obtained by the 2D simulation assuming fully developed flow. This suggested that complicated three-dimensional inlet flow condition generated in the L-shape elbow would not affects the existing design window.     

圆管通道底部再淹没过程实验研究

为验证和优化再淹没模型,通过实验研究了圆管通道内再淹没阶段流动换热特性,获得了不同工况下壁面温度的变化规律,实验工况范围为：入口冷却剂流速3~15 cm/s、入口过冷度15~75 ℃、初始壁面峰值温度340~600 ℃、实验压力0.2~0.4 MPa、加热功率1.3~2.3 kW/m。分析了初始壁温、冷却剂入口温度、入口流速及加热功率对骤冷时刻与骤冷温度的影响。结果表明,骤冷时刻与骤冷温度均随初始壁温、冷却剂入口温度以及加热功率的增加而增加,随入口冷却剂流速的增加而减小。