Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austempered Medium-Carbon Spring Steel

Changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon spring steel during austempering were investigated. After austempering for 1 h at 290 °C or 330 °C, the bainite transformation stabilized austenite, and microstructure consisting of bainitic ferrite and austenite could be obtained after final cooling; the retained austenite fraction was smaller in the alloy austempered at 290 °C because carbon redistribution between bainitic ferrite and austenite slowed as the temperature decreased, and thereby gave persistent driving force for the bainite transformation. The products of tensile strength and reduction of area in the austempered alloy were much larger in the austempered steel than in quenched and tempered alloy, mainly because of significant increase in reduction of area in austempered alloy.     

热处理对含Mo轴承钢组织和性能的影响

研究了含Mo轴承钢的相变规律及热处理制度对其组织和性能的影响,运用SEM和XRD表征了其显微组织,绘制了动态CCT曲线,测试了其硬度、力学性能和耐磨损性能。结果表明,由于钢中含有Mo,推迟了珠光体组织转变,当冷速≥4 ℃/s时冷却过程只发生马氏体相变;淬火+低温回火后,钢的抗拉强度和维氏硬度分别为1850 MPa和785 HV;而经贝氏体等温淬火后钢的抗拉强度和硬度分别达到2160 MPa和735 HV。淬火+低温回火后残留奥氏体的体积分数约为12.68%,而贝氏体等温淬火后约为3.88%。残留奥氏体含量的降低,有助于提高轴承钢的尺寸稳定性。     

Effects of Sub-zero Celsius Treatment and Tempering on the Stability of Retained Austenite in Bearing Steel

In this work, the influence of sub-zero Celsius treatment and tempering on the mechanical and thermal stability of retained austenite in bearing steel were assessed by tensile test and DSC. Compared with traditional quenched and tempered treatment, sub-zero Celsius treatment obviously decreases the volume fraction of retained austenite. Moreover, the mechanical stability of retained austenite was enhanced due to the accumulation of compressive stresses in retained austenite after sub-zero Celsius treatment and tempering. Meanwhile, the morphology of retained austenite changed from film-like to blocky with austenitization temperature increasing, and the mechanical stability of film-like retained austenite is higher than that of blocky one. The DSC results showed that the activation energy of retained austenite decomposition slightly increased through sub-zero Celsius treatment and tempering. This result may probably be ascribed to partitioning of carbon during tempering. However, the temperature at which retained austenite starts to decompose is unchanged.     

高硅铸钢残余奥氏体分布形态及其对力学性能的影响

采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对高硅铸钢等温淬火热处理后的显微组织以及残余奥氏体分布形态进行了研究,对等温淬火组织中残余奥氏体量进行了测定.结果表明,残余奥氏体呈薄膜状及块状两种分布形态.薄膜状分布的残余奥氏体与贝氏体铁素体间的位向符合K-S关系,对钢的综合力学性能特别是韧性有积极的作用;而呈块状分布的残余奥氏体,由于其机械稳定性差,对钢的各项力学性能有不利的影响.要获得具有优异综合力学性能的高硅铸钢,薄膜状残余奥氏体与块状残余奥氏体体积分数量的比值Vγ-F/Vγ-B要大于1.0.     

Effect of shot peening process on fatigue behavior of an alloyed austempered ductile iron

Shot peening is one of the most common surface treatments to improve the fatigue behavior of metallic parts. In this study the effect of shot peening process on the fatigue behavior of an alloyed austempered ductile iron (ADI) has been studied. Austempering heat treatment consisted of austenitizing at 875℃ for 90 min followed by austempering at three different temperatures of 320, 365 and 400℃. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening by 0.4-0.6 mm shots. XRD and SEM analysis, micro hardness and roughness tests were carried out to study the fatigue behavior of the samples. Results indicate that the fatigue strengths of samples austempered at 320, 365 and 400℃ are increased by 27.3%, 33.3% and 48.4%, respectively, after shot peening process.     

淬火工艺对6Cr13马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

研究了950～1130 ℃淬火及不同冷却方式对6Cr13马氏体不锈钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着淬火温度的升高,残留碳化物含量逐步减少,在1050 ℃以上碳化物固溶速度加快,晶粒开始快速长大,残留奥氏体含量增大,导致在1050 ℃淬火硬度达到最大值,之后开始降低,在1150 ℃降低最为明显;950 ℃淬火时该钢种的水冷硬度高于空冷的硬度,而在950 ℃以上空冷硬度高于水冷的硬度;1050 ℃空冷可以获得较高的淬火硬度和较低的残留奥氏体含量,同时具有8%的碳化物含量,具有获得较好的耐磨性和较高的锋利度的条件。     

喷丸强化对合金化奥贝球铁疲劳性能的影响

喷丸处理是改进金属工件疲劳性能最常规的表面处理方法。文中研究了喷丸处理对合金化奥贝球铁(AD)I疲劳性能的影响。等温淬火包括875℃保温90 min奥氏体化处理,然后在320℃、365℃和400℃进行等温处理。用直径0.4～0.6 mm的丸喷丸后的试样做旋转弯曲疲劳试验。对试样进行XRD和SEM分析,测定显微硬度和粗糙度,研究试样的疲劳性能。结果表明,在320℃、365℃和400℃等温处理的试样喷丸后疲劳强度分别增加了27.3%、33.3%和48.4%。     

Hardness and Tensile Properties of Austempered Aluminium—containing Ductile Iron

Abstract

Changes in the mechanical properties of austempered aluminium-containing ductile iron obtained by varying the austenitising temperatures, 850–950°C, and austempering temperatures, 300–425°C and times, 5–300 min, can be related to the corresponding effects on austempered microstructures. The largest effects on the properties are associated with the changes in the morphology of the bainitic constituents and the volume of the retained austenite, both of which are controlled mainly by the austempering temperature. In comparison, smaller effects are caused by microstructural changes related to the variation in the austenitising temperature or austempering time.     

淬火工艺对H13E钢显微组织及力学性能的影响

H13E钢是通过调整合金元素对H13钢进行了一定的改性,研究了淬火工艺对H13E钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着淬火温度的升高,奥氏体晶粒尺寸单调增加,从1020 ℃升高至1080 ℃时,平均奥氏体晶粒尺寸增长了约40 μm;硬度在1060 ℃达到最大值,为61.6 HRC,相较于传统H13钢硬度高3~5 HRC,同时冲击吸收能量可达16 J以上。当保温时间在20~50 min时,奥氏体晶粒增长速率较缓慢,平均奥氏体晶粒尺寸仅增长7 μm左右,同时硬度仅下降0.2 HRC左右。相同条件下油冷后H13E钢马氏体更细小,力学性能优于空冷后的H13E钢。考虑综合力学性能,H13E钢较佳淬火工艺为:1060 ℃保温20～30 min,油冷。     

淬火温度对GE1014超高强度钢组织及性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)仪和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等分析方法,研究了淬火温度对GE1014超高强度钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢的抗拉强度随淬火温度的升高先逐渐升高,随后降低,并且在925 ℃达到峰值2112 MPa,规定塑性延伸强度则呈现随淬火温度的升高小幅降低的趋势,试验钢的断面收缩率和U型冲击性能均随淬火温度的升高缓慢升高,在950 ℃附近出现降低趋势;试验钢的原始奥氏体晶粒和马氏体块的尺寸都随着淬火温度的升高而长大,当淬火温度超过925 ℃时,原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸快速粗化,而马氏体块尺寸则全程长大缓慢;850~925 ℃范围内,基体中的残留奥氏体含量随着淬火温度的升高而显著降低;淬火温度低于900 ℃时,试验钢中存在球状富Mo型M₆C碳化物,淬火温度升高至900 ℃未观察到未溶相。     

淬火配分处理对锻态Fe-0.2C-9Mn-3.5Al钢显微组织及力学行为的影响

分析了淬火配分处理对锻态Fe-0.2C-9Mn-3.5Al钢显微组织及力学行为的影响。结果表明,热处理态试验钢主要由块状δ-铁素体、马氏体和板条状残留奥氏体等多相构成;残留奥氏体的体积分数随等温淬火温度升高而增大,在310 ℃时达到峰值;310 ℃等温淬火后在400 ℃配分3 min时可以获得较优的综合力学性能,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为1175 MPa和21.50%,强塑积达到25.26 GPa·%;应力-应变曲线中存在着明显的“锯齿”状起伏,可能与亚稳态的残留奥氏体集中转变为马氏体有关。     

固溶温度对2507双相不锈钢力学性能及耐蚀性的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、XRD、拉伸试验机和电化学综合测试仪等研究了不同固溶温度对2507超级双相不锈钢组织、力学性能和耐蚀性的影响。采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算了2507双相不锈钢的热力学平衡相图,并与测试结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,经1050 ℃及以上温度固溶后,σ相溶解;随着固溶温度的升高,铁素体相含量增加,奥氏体相含量降低,α/γ相体积分数比增加;1050~1100 ℃固溶30 min并水冷时,双相不锈钢具有较好的综合力学性能,屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率分别大于600 MPa、840 MPa和35%。1050 ℃固溶30 min时,双相钢可获得较好的耐蚀性能。     

热处理工艺对N06600合金热轧板组织与性能的影响

研究了热处理工艺对N06600合金热轧板组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,N06600板材组织主要为奥氏体+沿晶界分布的网状碳化物+晶内碳化物。随着固溶温度的升高,碳化物含量逐渐减少,强度降低,当固溶温度升高至980 ℃,开始发生明显再结晶,同时部分晶粒已充分长大。当固溶温度继续升高至1020 ℃,组织再结晶完成,晶粒平均尺寸达到127 μm,碳化物全部固溶于基体中,强度大幅降低,伸长率显著增加,组织中出现了大量孪晶。N06600合金板材合金化程度低,碳化物含量较低,换向轧制制备的板材横纵向组织与性能差异较小,表现出了较低的各向异性,即使通过650 ℃+950 ℃和950 ℃+650 ℃二次固溶处理,或通过水淬加快冷却速度,组织与性能均保持良好的稳定性。     

退火工艺对TRIP980冷轧钢板显微组织和力学性能的影响

以冷轧TRIP980钢为研究对象,探讨了退火温度、过时效温度和过时效时间对钢板组织性能的影响。结果表明:退火温度从800 ℃降低至760 ℃,随着奥氏体化程度的降低和原奥稳定性的增强,冷却后组织中硬相含量更低,残奥含量更高,宏观表现为拉伸强度降低、伸长率提高;过时效温度从360 ℃提高至400 ℃,随着贝氏体体积分数的提高,拉伸强度提高;过时效时间从600 s延长至1500 s,随着硬相贝氏体的软化和残奥稳定性增大,拉伸强度降低、伸长率提高。     

热处理温度对TC4ELI合金组织与性能的影响

为揭示TC4ELI合金随热处理温度的不同,显微组织、力学性能及相组成的变化规律,研究了TC4ELI钛合金经700~1000 ℃热处理并空冷的组织演变,进行了室温力学性能测试与XRD分析。结果表明:800 ℃热处理后,合金实现了再结晶,α相均匀等轴化,体积含量达到最大值。XRD图谱未出现β相的衍射峰,均为α相的衍射峰。700~800 ℃热处理时可以获得良好的综合性能,满足相关标准要求。850~950 ℃温度范围内,TC4ELI合金有二次针状α相析出,属于双态组织。随着温度的升高,由于合金中β相的晶粒粗化与含量增加,使得强度与弹性模量下降。1000 ℃热处理后,立方马氏体α′相具有较强的(002)_α′、(101)_α′衍射峰,其它晶面的衍射峰能量很弱,合金的弹性模量达最大值110 GPa。通过显微组织观察,推断TC4ELI合金α+β→β转变的开始温度处于850~870 ℃,终了温度处于950~970 ℃。     

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 利用拉伸、金相显微镜和扫描电镜等方法研究了不同热处理制度对奥氏体不锈钢022Cr17Ni12Mo2材料组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明：随着加热温度由950 ℃升高到1 250 ℃,材料022Cr17Ni12Mo2的晶粒越来越粗大,α相含量呈先降后升的趋势,在1 150 ℃达到最低点1.60%;试验材料的抗拉强度Rm、规定非比例强度Rp02和Rp10均发生了不同程度的下降,塑性明显提高。冷却方式对试验材料的晶粒大小、抗拉强度和伸长率几乎没有影响,但与空冷方式相比,采用水冷方式有利于组织中α相含量的降低,规定非比例强度Rp02和Rp10均提高了30 MPa到40 MPa。     

高强韧工程机械用钢Q690D的淬火工艺优化

通过全自动相变仪、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等,研究880~1100 ℃淬火温度对30 mm厚Q690D钢显微组织、原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸、-20 ℃低温冲击性能和冲击断口形貌的影响。结果表明,当淬火温度低于950 ℃时,试验钢奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸小于10 μm,随着淬火温度的升高,Nb、V、Ti微合金碳化物溶入奥氏体量增加,-20 ℃低温冲击吸收能量逐渐升高;当淬火温度由950 ℃升高至1100 ℃,随着奥氏体晶粒快速长大,试验钢-20 ℃冲击吸收能量由最大值150 J降低至19 J;Q690D钢的最佳淬火工艺为950 ℃×20 min,水冷。     

淬火- 非等温碳分配下淬火温度对显微组织的影响

以低碳Si- Mn钢为研究对象,在MMS- 300热力模拟实验机上,分析了在DQ&P（Direct quenching & Partitioning）工艺的非等温碳分配条件下,淬火温度对试样显微组织、残余奥氏体含量和残余奥氏体中碳含量的影响。结果表明：试样的显微组织由板条状马氏体、残余奥氏体及少量铁素体组成;在320 ℃较高的淬火温度条件下,马氏体板条边界变得不明锐且弯曲,同时,碳化物沉淀含量增加;残余奥氏体含量随淬火温度的升高先增加后减少,在240 ℃时达到最大值;残余奥氏体中碳含量随淬火温度先减少后增加。     

Effect of austenitization on austempering of copper alloyed ductile iron

A ductile iron containing 0.6% copper as the main alloying element was austempered at a fixed austempering temperature of 330 °C for a fixed austempering time of 60 min after austenitization at 850 °C for different austenitization periods of 60, 90, and 120 min. The austempering process was repeated after changing austenitization temperature to 900 °C. The effect of austenitization temperature and time was studied on the carbon content and its distribution in the austenite after austenitization. The effect of austenitization parameters was also studied on austempered microstructure, structural parameters like volume fraction of austenite, X _γ , carbon content C _γ , and X _γ C _γ , and bainitic ferrite needle size, d _α after austempering. The average carbon content of austenite increases linearly with austenitization time and reaches a saturation level. Higher austenitization temperature results in higher carbon content of austenite. As regards the austempered structure, the lowering austenitization temperature causes significant refinement and more uniform distribution of austempered structure, and a decrease in the volume fraction of retained austenite.     

Q&P工艺对22MnB5钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、拉伸试验机、扫描电镜、XRD和EBSD等手段对22MnB5钢的微观组织及力学性能进行了表征,并重点分析了一步法Q&P工艺处理后的22MnB5钢中残留奥氏体含量及残留奥氏体中碳含量与力学性能的关系。结果表明：采用一步法Q&P工艺,可以获得抗拉强度超过1400 MPa,伸长率超过15%的超高强度22MnB5钢板。随着淬火温度从240 ℃升高至300 ℃,22MnB5钢的组织由马氏体转变为马氏体+残留奥氏体复相组织,试样中的残留奥氏体含量逐渐增加。相同配分温度延长配分时间,残留奥氏体含量呈现先增加后降低趋势。不同热处理工艺下残留奥氏体中的平均碳含量为1.49wt%。采用一步法Q&P热处理工艺可以使残留奥氏体中富集碳,提高残留奥氏体稳定性,强塑积可以达到22.14 GPa·%。