一水合硫酸氢钠催化合成丙酸苄酯的研究

用一水合硫酸氢钠催化苯甲醇与丙酸的酚化反应合成了丙酸苄酚。研究结果表明：一水合硫酸氢钠具有较高的催化活性。考察了催化剂用量、苯甲醇与丙酸摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度和带水剂环己烷用量对丙酸苄酚收率的影响。在典型反应条件下(苯甲醇与丙酸摩尔比＝0．1：0．2，1．0g催化剂／0．2mo1丙酸，反应时间2．5h，反应温度95一110℃，15mL环己烷／0．2mo1丙酸)，丙酸苄酚的收率可以达到82．3％。该催化剂易于回收且可重复使用，具有良好的活性及稳定性，是合成丙酸苄酚的理想催化剂。     

有机锡催化合成乙酸苄酯新工艺研究

以新型不同类型的有机锡化合物为催化剂,对乙酸苄酯的酯化反应进行了研究,重点考察了不同类型的有机锡催化剂的催化效果、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、酸醇摩尔比和带水剂等因素对乙酸苄酯产率的影响。实验结果表明,Ph3SnCl对合成乙酸苄酯有着良好的催化活性,当催化剂用量为苯甲醇和乙酸总质量1．5％,乙酸和苯甲醇的摩尔比为2．5：1,甲苯为10mU与苯甲醇的摩尔比为0．60）,温度110℃,反应150min后,乙酸苄酯产率可达98．4％．且催化剂重复使用5次仍保持较高活性。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成丙酸苄酯

以苯甲醇、丙酸为原料,硫酸氢钠为催化剂,合成了丙酸苄酯.其优化条件:酸醇物质的量比为0.15:0.1,催化剂用量为1.0 g,反应温度为97～110℃,反应时间为70 min,酯化率可达97.3%.     

一水合硫酸氢钠催化合成丙酸苄酯的研究

用一水合硫酸氢钠催化苯甲醇与丙酸的酯化反应合成了丙酸苄酯。研究结果表明:一水合硫酸氢钠具有较高的催化活性。考察了催化剂用量、苯甲醇与丙酸摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度和带水剂环己烷用量对丙酸苄酯收率的影响。在典型反应条件下(苯甲醇与丙酸摩尔比=0 1∶0 2,1 0g催化剂/0 2mol丙酸,反应时间2 5h,反应温度95～110℃,15mL环己烷/0 2mol丙酸),丙酸苄酯的收率可以达到82 3%。该催化剂易于回收且可重复使用,具有良好的活性及稳定性,是合成丙酸苄酯的理想催化剂。     

离子液体催化合成乙酸苄酯

以硫酸氢根甲基咪唑盐[Hmim]HSO_4离子液体为催化剂,乙酸和苯甲醇为原材料通过催化反应来合成乙酸苄酯,同时还讨论了以浓硫酸作为催化剂合成乙酸苄酯的方法。通过各个不同条件的实验,涉及的可变因素有酸醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等。实验结果表明,硫酸氢根甲基咪唑盐[Hmim]HSO_4对合成乙酸苄酯有着良好的催化活性,而且对其合成工艺进行了优化,确定最佳反应条件为:酸醇的摩尔比为1.4∶1、催化剂用量1%、反应温度110℃、加热回流1 h。在此条件下,乙酸苄酯的酯化率达96%。     

一水合硫酸氢钠催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以一水合硫酸氢钠为催化剂，冰乙酸与正丁醇为原料合成了乙酸正丁酯。最佳合成条件：以0．2mol冰乙酸为准．醇酸摩尔比为1．3，催化剂用量为1．0g，反应时间为30min，酯收率达94．09％。     

固体超强酸TiO2/SO42-催化合成乙酸苄酯

研究了以固体超强酸TiO2/SO4^2-为催化剂,乙酸和苄醇为原料合成乙酸苄酯,考察了反应条件对酯化率的影响,结果表明,当酸的用量为0．2mol,醇酸摩尔比为1．8,催化剂用量为2．0g ,带水剂甲苯为15mL,反应时间为2．0h,反应温度为100－110℃时,酯化率达91．2％。     

氨基磺酸催化合成丙酸苄酯的研究

以苯甲醇、丙酸为原料 ,氨基磺酸为催化剂 ,合成了丙酸苄酯。其优化条件为 :酸醇物质的量比为 1.2∶1.0 (摩尔比 ) ,催化剂用量为 0 .3g ,苯甲醇用量为 0 .1mol,反应温度 12 6～ 14 0℃ ,反应时间 75min ,酯化率可达 94 .6 %。     

微波辐射磷钨酸催化合成丙酸苄酯

以磷钨酸作催化剂，环己烷为带水剂，微波辐射加热，用丙酸和苯甲醇直接合成丙酸苄酯。研究结果表明：磷钨酸具有较高的催化活性。考察了催化剂用量、微波辐射功率及时间、苯甲醇与丙酸摩尔比和带水剂环己烷用量对丙酸苄酯收率的影响。在最佳反应条件下，丙酸苄酯的收率可达到93．9％。催化剂可重复使用。     

乙酸苄酯合成工艺的研究

以固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2为催化剂,二苄醚和乙酸酐为原料合成乙酸苄酯,并考察了影响反应的主要因素．结果表明最适宜的反应条件是：乙酸酐和二苄醚的摩尔比为1．5：1,催化剂用量0．5％(二苄醚的质量分数),反应时间1h,反应温度150—160℃,催化剂的焙烧温度550℃,焙烧时间3h,收率达83．7％。该法具有反应速度快,产品收率高,产品香气好,后处理简单,催化剂可重复使用等优点。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.